Bridge between Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products and Development of Drug Leads

Abstract

Although natural products are rich sources for drug discovery, only a small percentage of natural products themselves have been approved for clinical use, thus it is necessary to modulate various properties, such as efficacy, toxicity, and metabolic stability. A question in natural product drug discovery is how to logically design natural product derivatives with desired biological properties. This review describes our recent studies regarding the medicinal chemistry of tunicamycin. Tunicamycin inhibits bacterial phospho-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)-pentapeptide translocase (MraY), which is an essential enzyme in bacteria and a good target for antibacterial drug discovery. The usefulness of tunicamycin as antibacterial agents is limited by off-target inhibition of human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc): polyprenol phosphate translocase (GPT). We positioned the total synthesis of tunicamycin as a starting point for the research and have accomplished the synthesis of tunicamycin V by using the Achmatowicz reaction, [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl cyanate, and stereoselective glycosylation as key reactions. Next, the minimum structural requirements for tunicamycin V for MraY inhibition were established by systematic structure-activity relationship studies with truncated analogs of tunicamycin V. Our collaborative study elucidated a crystal structure of human GPT in complex with tunicamycin. This structural information was then exploited to rationally design an MraY-specific inhibitor of tunicamycin V in which the GlcNAc moiety was modified to a MurNAc amide. The analog was identified as a highly selective MraYAA inhibitor.