Abstract
Chili anthracnose is one of the most devastating fungal diseases affecting the quality and yield production of chili. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the chili anthracnose disease, as well as to explore the use of marker-assisted breeding programs aimed at improving anthracnose disease resistance in this species. This disease is caused by the Colletotrichum species complex, and there have been ongoing screening methods of chili pepper genotypes with resistance to anthracnose in the field, as well as in laboratories. Conventional breeding involves phenotypic selection in the field, and it is more time-consuming compared to molecular breeding. The use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) on the basis of inheritance, the segregation ratio of resistance to susceptibility, and the gene-controlling resistance may contribute to the development of an improved chili variety and speed up the selection process, while also reducing genetic drag in the segregating population. More importantly, by using molecular markers, the linkage groups are determined dominantly and co-dominantly, meaning that the implementation of a reliable method to produce resistant varieties is crucial in future breeding programs. This updated information will offer a supportive direction for chili breeders to develop an anthracnose-resistant chili variety.
Highlights
Capsicum is, at least economic-wise, one of the important vegetables worldwide
Capsicum consists of herbaceous vegetables and spices grown in both tropical and subtropical regions and has approximately 30 well-known species [2,3]
Some researchers emphasized that physiological changes during the ripening stage could increase the chili pepper’s susceptibility to Colletotrichum spp. infection [95,96,97,98]
Summary
At least economic-wise, one of the important vegetables worldwide. Global production of this vegetable in 2016 was approximately 34.5 million tonnes for fresh chili, and 3.92 million tonnes for dry chili [1]. Capsicum consists of herbaceous vegetables and spices grown in both tropical and subtropical regions and has approximately 30 well-known species [2,3]. This genus is assumed to have been selected in two areas of origin—the primary center and secondary centers [4]. Fungicide sprays may be helpful, applications of these are only moderately effective under environmental conditions that are advantageous for pathogen infection In some countries, such as Thailand and Indonesia, fungicides are considered uneconomical and not sustainable for small-holder farmers due to their high risks to environmental safety [18,32]. The level of capsaicin content in chili can be used as a predictor for their susceptibility to the anthracnose disease, meaning that the determination of the level of anthracnose resistance provides information on a molecular level, and about chemical content as well
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