Breeding biology of the White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela in a modified landscape

Abstract

Current knowledge of the breeding biology of the White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela is derived mainly from observations of captive birds, with little published data on reproductive behaviour and breeding success in wild populations. Over 10 years (2001–2010), 122 nests were monitored in a rural landscape near Lismore, northern New South Wales. Nests were in a wide variety of trees and shrubs, including ornamentals, mostly <10 years old. Breeding Pigeons tolerated a high level of daily human activity, with many nests close to buildings, and with brooding birds sitting tightly in close proximity to working staff. Nests were re-used in all years, with ~65% of clutches laid in previously used nests. Individual nests were re-used multiple times, both within a season, and over multiple years. Clutches were laid in all months except October and November. Incubation and nestling periods and care are detailed. Body colour of fledglings and juveniles was variable, with the plumage of a minority having a striking resemblance to the Metallic Pigeon C. vitiensis . Overall breeding success for nests where the outcome was known was 38.5%. Predation, likely involving a range of taxa, was the largest single cause of nesting failure. White-headed Pigeons using a modified landscape with abundant seasonal fruit and seeds from the introduced tree Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora demonstrate traits that facilitate rapid and extended breeding.