Abstract
Breathing rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings. Despite its diagnostic and prognostic value, it is still widely measured by counting breaths manually. A plethora of algorithms have been proposed to estimate BR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (photoplethysmogram, PPG) signals. These BR algorithms provide opportunity for automated, electronic, and unobtrusive measurement of BR in both healthcare and fitness monitoring. This paper presents a review of the literature on BR estimation from the ECG and PPG. First, the structure of BR algorithms and the mathematical techniques used at each stage are described. Second, the experimental methodologies that have been used to assess the performance of BR algorithms are reviewed, and a methodological framework for the assessment of BR algorithms is presented. Third, we outline the most pressing directions for future research, including the steps required to use BR algorithms in wearable sensors, remote video monitoring, and clinical practice.
Highlights
B REATHING rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings for identification of abnormalities
Since 1999, the rate of publication has risen steadily to the present rate of approximately 20 publications per year. This demonstrates the increasing interest in BR algorithms and the importance placed upon the topic
This will potentially increase the utility of BR algorithms since they could be used in ubiquitous devices such as smartphones in resource-constrained settings [29], [102], [115], [116]
Summary
B REATHING rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings for identification of abnormalities. It is still widely measured by counting breaths manually. This approach is both labor intensive and unsuitable for use in unobtrusive monitoring devices for early detection of deteriorations. A plethora of algorithms have been proposed to estimate BR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (photoplethysmogram, PPG) signals. Both the ECG and PPG are commonly acquired during clinical assessment, and by many wearable sensors in healthcare and fitness monitoring. BR algorithms could provide automated, electronic BR measurements without the need for additional sensors
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