Breathing Patterns: 1. Normal Subjects

Abstract

In the past decade, major advances have taken place in the interpretation of the significance of the various time and volume components of the breathing pattern. 1 Clark FJ von Euler C On the regulation of depth and rate of breathing. J. Physiol. 1972; 222: 267-295 Crossref PubMed Scopus (477) Google Scholar , 2 Milic-Emili J Grunstein MM Drive and timing components of ventilation. Chest. 1976; 70: 131-133 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar , 3 Macklem PT Respiratory muscles: The vital pump. Chest. 1980; 1: 753-758 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (88) Google Scholar For example, it has been shown that the tidal volume divided by inspiratory time (mean inspiratory flow) reflects respiratory center drive when mechanics of breathing are normal or only moderately impaired. 4 Derenne JP Couture J Iscoe S Whitelaw WA Milic-Emili J Occlusion pressures in men rebreathing CO2 under methoxy-flurane anesthesia. J Appl Physiol. 1976; 40: 805-814 PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Chadha TS Birch S Schneider A Ford D Sackner MA Effect of graded bronchospasm on breathing pattern. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982; 125 (abstract): 218-219 Google Scholar Relative contributions of the rib cage and abdominal compartmental excursions to tidal volume and the phase relationship between the two compartments provide information on respiratory muscle fatigue. 3 Macklem PT Respiratory muscles: The vital pump. Chest. 1980; 1: 753-758 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (88) Google Scholar , 6 Ashutosh K Gilbert R Auchincloss JH Peppi D Asynchronous breathing movements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1975; 67: 553-557 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar Mouthpiece breathing to and from a spirometer or pneumotachograph is known to increase tidal volume and decrease respiratory frequency compared to natural breathing monitored with an external device. 7 Gilbert R Auchincloss JH Jr Brodsky J Boden W Changes in tidal volume, frequency, and ventilation induced by their measurement. J Appl Physiol. 1972; 33: 252-254 Crossref PubMed Scopus (248) Google Scholar , 8 Askanazi J Silverberg PA Foster RJ Hyman AI Milic-Emili J. Effects of respiratory apparatus on breathing pattern. J Appl Physiol. 1980; 48: 577-580 PubMed Google Scholar , 9 Sackner JD Nixon AJ Davis B Atkins N Sackner MA Effects of breathing through external dead space on ventilation at rest and during exercise. II. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980; 122: 933-940 PubMed Google Scholar Further, volume and timing relations from the rib cage and abdominal compartmental contributions to tidal volume can only be measured with the latter such as the respiratory inductive plethysmograph. 10 Chadha TS Watson H Birch S Jenouri GA Schneider AW Cohn MA et al. Validation of respiratory inductive plethysmography using different calibration procedures. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982; 125: 644-649 PubMed Google Scholar , 11 Cohn MA Rao ASV Broudy M Birch S Watson H Atkins N et al. The respiratory inductive plethysmograph: a new noninvasive monitor of respiration. Bull Europ Physiopathol Respir. 1982; 18: 643-658 PubMed Google Scholar