Abstract
The study aim was to explore the effects of multisensory breastmilk interventions on short-term pain of infants during newborn screening. This is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 120 newborns were recruited and assigned by randomization to one of three treatment conditions: Condition 1 = routine care (gentle touch + verbal comfort); Condition 2 = breastmilk odor + routine care; or Condition 3 = breastmilk odor + taste + routine care. Pain was scored with the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS). Data were collected from video recordings at 1 min intervals over the 11 phases of heel sticks: phase 1, 5 min before heel stick without stimuli (baseline); phase 2 to phase 6 (during heel stick); and phase 7 to phase 11 (recovery). Generalized estimating equations compared differences in pain scores for newborns over phases among the three conditions. Compared with the routine care, provision of the odor and taste of breastmilk reduce NIPS scores during heel sticks (B = −4.36, SE = 0.45, p < 0.001 [phase6]), and during recovery (B = −3.29, SE = 0.42, p < 0.001 [phase7]). Our findings provide new data, which supports the use of multisensory interventions that include breastmilk odor and taste in combination with gentle touch and verbal comfort to relieve pain in infants undergoing newborn screening.
Highlights
IntroductionThe number of newborns continues to decline yearly, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social and economic changes had contributed to an additional decline in birth rate
Our findings provide new data, which supports the use of multisensory interventions that include breastmilk odor and taste in combination with gentle touch and verbal comfort to relieve pain in infants undergoing newborn screening
The study findings provide valuable knowledge about the efficacy of multisensory interventions that include breastmilk-odor or breastmilk-odor + breastmilk-taste on relieving newborn pain
Summary
The number of newborns continues to decline yearly, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social and economic changes had contributed to an additional decline in birth rate. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported the crude newborn birth rate worldwide ((number of live births/Estimated midyear population) × 1000) was 17.96‰. In 2020, and it is estimated this rate will continue to decrease to 16.30‰ in 2030, and. In Taiwan, the crude newborn birth rate was 7.01‰ in 2020, which was significantly lower than the worldwide rate; only 165,249 infants were born [2]. The vital statistics suggest that declining birthrate is a serious population problem globally, especially in Taiwan. In addition to encouraging women who are at the peak of fertility to be become pregnant and bear children, clinicians need to improve the quality of care for neonates during their early life to ensure every infant has the best opportunity to develop into a healthy adult [1]
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