Abstract
Purpose: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 1.7 million new cases occurring in 2012. The majority of cases and deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where population-based mammography screening is not available and countries must rely on clinical breast examination (CBE). Since ultrasound has the potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies by triaging women with palpable or focal breast findings at CBE, we searched for evidence in the literature on the effectiveness of ultrasound in detecting potential breast cancer following positive CBE findings. Methods: We reviewed the literature from 2000 to 2014 for evidence on the performance of breast ultrasound, in the absence of mammography, used to evaluate women after a positive CBE. From the studies meeting our inclusion/exclusion criteria for our analysis, we extracted data on the study design, location, ultrasound transducer parameters, patient age, method for determining positive and negative cases, and number of malignancies detected/total number of women studied. Results: We found 15 studies matching our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 9 from high-income countries and 6 from LMICs. Despite considerable variability in study design and patient populations, breast ultrasound consistently showed high sensitivity (median = 94 percent) and specificity (median = 80 percent) for detecting breast cancer and identifying normal and benign findings not requiring a biopsy. Clear patterns related to transducer frequency or income level were not discernible given the variations in patient populations and final diagnostic determinations. Conclusion: Our systematic review suggests that breast ultrasound following a positive CBE may be a powerful diagnostic test to determine those who do or do not need biopsy. We encourage further research in breast ultrasound use after a positive CBE in LMICs to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in these settings and the feasibility of widespread implementation.
Highlights
BREAST cancer is the most common cancer among women, with an estimated 1.7 million new cases occurring in 2012 [1]
In view of the potential role that ultrasound could play in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for triaging women with palpable or focal breast findings at clinical breast examination (CBE), either to biopsy or to follow up clinically or with imaging, we searched for evidence in the literature on the effectiveness of ultrasound in detecting potential breast cancer following positive CBE findings
This review covers a targeted group of studies that report the performance of breast ultrasound, in the absence of or independent of mammography findings, following a positive CBE
Summary
BREAST cancer is the most common cancer among women, with an estimated 1.7 million new cases occurring in 2012 [1]. While the absolute number of deaths in industrialized countries will increase 23 percent by 2030, those in less developed countries will increase 55 percent [1]. These grim figures demand renewed efforts to diagnose early stage breast cancer in LMICs when it is potentially curable. All major North American and European groups that make recommendations on breast cancer screening support routine mammography, starting at age 40 or 50 and performed every one or two years [7,8]. The age of initiation and frequency of mammography exams for population screening has been the subject of much controversy [5,9,10], it remains the standard imaging technique for screening in developed countries
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