Breast-like cancer of unknow primary : Implications for radiological diagnostics

Abstract

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is defined by the presence of metastatic disease with an undetectable primary tumor at the time of presentation despite standard-of-care imaging. Although the prognosis of most CUP patients is poor, certain subgroups with more favorable prognosis have been defined. Women with isolated axillary lymph node metastases and confirmed histologic adenocarcinoma or poorly differentiated subtype, no other distant metastases, and no evidence of aprimary cancer including primary breast carcinoma evaluated by clinical examination, computed tomography of thorax and abdomen, mammography, breast ultrasound, and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent apotentially curable subgroup of patients with CUP. Breast MRI is the most important radiological modality in the diagnostic workup of breast-like CUP to exclude aprimary cancer in the breast. Breast-like CUP patients are treated according to guidelines for patients with node-positive breast cancer. Standard-of-care adjuvant systemic therapy should be given. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is indicated. If no primary cancer in the breast is detected, surgery of the ipsilateral breast should not be performed. Radiotherapy of the ipsilateral breast and supra-/infraclavicular lymph nodes should be discussed.