Abstract
Breast cancer is known as one of the deadliest forms of cancer, and it is increasing globally. There are a variety of proven and controversial risk factors for this malignancy. Herein, we aimed to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis focus on the epidemiology of breast cancer risk factors in Iran. We performed a systematic search via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Persian databases for identifying studies published on breast cancer risk factors up to March 2019. Meta-analyses were done for risk factors reported in more than one study. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a fixed/random-effects models. Thirty-nine studies entered into the meta-analysis. Pooling of ORs showed a significant harmful effect for risk factors including family history (OR: 1.80, 95%CI 1.47-2.12), hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) (OR: 5.48, 95%CI 0.84-1.74), passive smokers (OR: 1.68, 95%CI 1.34-2.03), full-term pregnancy at age 30 (OR: 3.41, 95%CI 1.19-5.63), abortion (OR: 1.84, 95%CI 1.35-2.33), sweets consumption (OR: 1.71, 95%CI 1.32-2.11) and genotype Arg/Arg (crude OR: 1.59, 95%CI 1.07-2.10), whereas a significant protective effect for late menarche (OR: 0.58, 95%CI 0.32-0.83), nulliparity (OR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.39-0.96), 13-24months of breastfeeding (OR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.46-0.90), daily exercise (OR: 0.59, 95%CI 0.44-0.73) and vegetable consumption (crude OR: 0.28, 95%CI 0.10-0.46). This study suggests that factors such as family history, HRT, passive smokers, late full-term pregnancy, abortion, sweets consumption and genotype Arg/Arg might increase risk of breast cancer development, whereas late menarche, nulliparity, 13-24months breastfeeding, daily exercise and vegetable consumption had an inverse association with breast cancer development.
Highlights
Breast cancer is one of the most common health concerns throughout the world [1,2,3,4], which includes 30% of female cancers [5, 6]
This study suggests that factors such as family history, HRT, passive smokers, late full-term pregnancy, abortion, sweets consumption and genotype Arg/Arg might increase risk of breast cancer development, whereas late menarche, nulliparity, 13–24 months breastfeeding, daily exercise and vegetable consumption had an inverse association with breast cancer development
Despite the importance of the associated risk factors with this malignancy, there is no nationwide study in this regard according to our knowledge
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the most common health concerns throughout the world [1,2,3,4], which includes 30% of female cancers [5, 6]. The American Cancer Society has reported that only about a quarter of breast cancers are due to identified risk factors These factors include aging, urban life, social class (uppermiddle class), marital status (single), white race, history of ovarian cancer, early menarche age, late menopause age, history of breast cancer, history of fibrocystic breast disease, family history of breast, uterine and ovarian cancers, and history of radiation exposure. It seems that numerous factors have not yet been identified [15]
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