Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis accounts for the majority of deaths from breast cancer. Detection of breast cancer metastasis at the earliest stage is important for the management and prediction of breast cancer progression. Emerging techniques using the analysis of circulating tumor cells show promising results in predicting and identifying the early stages of breast cancer metastasis in patients. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the metastatic cascade in breast cancer will be critical for developing therapeutic interventions to combat breast cancer metastasis. In this review, the current and novel methods for detection of breast cancer metastasis, as well as the mechanisms involved in metastasis and the treatment of breast cancer metastasis, are discussed.
Highlights
Pathological examination revealed that the tumor was composed predominantly of spindle-shaped cells arranged in a typical palisading pattern, being compatible with schwannoma
Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the lesion was diffusely and strongly positive for S-100 protein
We reported a resected case of sternal intraosseous schwannnoma mimicking late recurrence of breast cancer
Summary
Intraosseous schwannoma accounts for less than 0.2% [1]. These tumors typically develop in the mandible, sacrum, maxilla, fibula, ulna, vertebrae, and other bones. The sternum is a considerably rare site for intraosseous schwannoma, and only two such cases have been reported [2,3]. We reported a resected case of sternal intraosseous schwannnoma mimicking late recurrence of breast cancer. A solid and round tumor was found at the back of the patient’s sternum, and was strongly attached to it. Pathological examination revealed that the tumor was not encapsulated. It was composed predominantly of spindle-shaped cells arranged in a typical palisading pattern, being compatible with schwannoma (Figure 2-A). Metastasis from breast cancer was ruled out on the basis of the features revealed by microscopy
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