Breast Cancer in Pakistan: Identifying Local Beliefs and Knowledge

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of women and general practitioners (GPs) living in Karachi, Pakistan, regarding breast cancer, mammographic screening, and local barriers to breast health care. This study was performed using questionnaires designed specifically for women and for GPs in Karachi. Geographically dispersed collaborators identified GPs from neighborhoods across Karachi; snowball sampling located additional GPs and women in neighboring areas. Trained local community health workers conducted one-on-one surveys and used specially equipped (openXdata) mobile phones to enter and upload participant responses in real time. The survey included 200 women (median age, 35 years; range, 24-63 years), and 100 GPs (49% men, 51% women). Women's knowledge of breast cancer incidence, diagnosis, and treatment was proportionate to educational level, while willingness to address breast health issues and interest in early detection were high regardless of education level. Very few women had ever undergone clinical breast examinations (16%) or mammography (9%). Among GPs (median time practicing, 12 years; range, 1-40 years), most understood major risk factors and importance of early detection. However, 20% did not believe breast cancer occurs in Pakistan, and 30% believed that it is a fatal disease. Female GPs were more likely to perform clinical breast examinations (98%) than male GPs (24%). This study has identified specific areas to target for educational and early detection programs. Women need more awareness and access to routine examinations and mammography; GPs need more education regarding the incidence and management of breast cancer. Male GPs would benefit from having trained female assistants to perform clinical breast examinations.