Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most reported cancer in women with high mortality causing millions of cancer-related deaths annually. Early detection of breast cancer intensifies the struggle towards discovering, developing, and optimizing diagnostic biomarkers that can improve its prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. Breast cancer-associated biomarkers comprise macromolecules, such as nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), proteins, and intact cells. Advancements in molecular technologies have identified all types of biomarkers that are exclusively studied for diagnostic, prognostic, drug resistance, and therapeutic implications. Identifying biomarkers may solve the problem of drug resistance which is a challenging obstacle in breast cancer treatment. Dysregulation of non-coding RNAs including circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) initiates and progresses breast cancer. The circulating multiple miRNA profiles promise better diagnostic and prognostic performance and sensitivity than individual miRNAs. The high stability and existence of circRNAs in body fluids make them a promising new diagnostic biomarker. Many therapeutic-based novels targeting agents have been identified, including ESR1 mutation (DNA mutations), Oligonucleotide analogs and antagonists (miRNA), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in BRCA mutations, CDK4/6 (cell cycle regulating factor initiates tumor progression), Androgen receptor (a steroid hormone receptor), that have entered clinical validation procedure. In this review, we summarize the role of novel breast cancer diagnostic biomarkers, drug resistance, and therapeutic implications for breast cancer.
Highlights
Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that affects mostly females and is a primary factor of mortality worldwide (Wu and Chu, 2021)
MAST1, PRDM14, and ZNF177 irregular DNA methylation variants were found and verified as prospective breast cancer molecular indicators by X Mao et al X Mao et al showed that the DNA methylation range of ADCY4, CPXM1, DNM3, PRDM14, PRKCB, and ZNF177. These findings point to the development of novel epigenetic prognosis systems that might assist in the detection and prediction of breast cancer therapy (Uehiro et al, 2016)
Serum apolipoprotein C-I has demonstrated promise results in prognosis and diagnosis of triple-negative Breast cancer (TNBC), as it could distinguish TNBC from non-TNBC cases by greater ApoC-I mRNA and protein expression in the former when compared to both non-TNBC affected individuals and controls (Song et al, 2016)
Summary
Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that affects mostly females and is a primary factor of mortality worldwide (Wu and Chu, 2021). Mammography is a common approach for identifying breast cancer, it has several drawbacks, such as a low sensitivity of 25%–59% for cancer detection in younger females with dense breasts. Significant advances in genetic fingerprints and molecular signaling processes have found a variety of biomarkers in tissues and blood (liquid biopsies) that may be used to predict the likelihood of cancer spread, resurgence, therapy recommendations, prediction, and medication tolerance. Some of these biomarkers have been utilized in clinical trials, their sensitivity and selectivity are zero (Nalejska et al, 2014; Wu and Chu, 2021). Several therapeutic approaches for breast cancer are still in their early phases of development, it is vital to find precise biomarkers that may be used to help with immunotherapies (Wu and Chu, 2021)
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