Abstract
This article examines the attempts of early Soviet penal reformers and criminologists to turn prisons into institutions of discipline and rehabilitation for their inmates. Their proposed reforms championed a proletarian prisoner who with individual attention would become a full member of Soviet socialist society. However, the lack of resources and short sentences, alongside the upheaval of civil war, undermined these reforms with the result that early Soviet prisons became the mirror image of the humane, modern institutions that reformers had envisioned.
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