Abstract
BackgroundSkipping breakfast has been suspected as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the associations are not entirely consistent across ethnicities or sexes, and the issue has not been adequately addressed in the Japanese population.MethodsWe followed 4631 participants (3600 men and 1031 women) in a work-site cohort of participants aged 35–66 years in 2002 through 2011 for T2DM development. Frequency of eating breakfast was self-reported and was subsequently dichotomized to breakfast skippers, who eat breakfast 3–5 times/week or less, and to eaters. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for potential confounding factors, including dietary factors, smoking and other lifestyles, body mass index (BMI), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) at baseline.ResultsDuring 8.9 years of follow-up, 285 T2DM cases (231 men and 54 women) developed. Compared to participants who reported eating breakfast every day, maximally-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of those with the frequency of almost every day and 3–5, 1–2, and 0 days/week were: 1.06 (95% CI, 0.73–1.53), 2.07 (95% CI, 1.20–3.56), 1.37 (95% CI, 0.82–2.29), and 2.12 (95% CI, 1.19–3.76), respectively. In a dichotomized analysis, breakfast skipping was positively associated with T2DM incidence (maximally-adjusted hazard ratio 1.73; 95% CI, 1.24–2.42). The positive associations were found in both men and women, current and non-current smokers, normal weight and overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), and normal glycemic status and impaired fasting glycemic status (FBG 110 to <126 mg/dL) individuals at baseline (Ps for interaction all >0.05).ConclusionsThe present study in middle-aged Japanese men and women suggests that skipping breakfast may increase the risk of T2DM independent of lifestyles and baseline levels of BMI and FBG.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally.[1]
The positive associations between breakfast skipping and T2DM were similar in both men and women, current and non-current smokers, and normal weight and overweight individuals, as well as those with normal glycemic status and those with
We found that breakfast skipping was positively associated with T2DM incidence in middle-aged Japanese men and women, after adjustment for a number of potential confounding variables, including baseline body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally.[1]. At the same time, skipping breakfast has been suggested to be associated with the incidence of several diseases or conditions, such as obesity,[6] insulin insensitivity,[7] cardiovascular diseases,[8] and T2DM.[9,10,11] the associations of breakfast skipping with T2DM are not entirely consistent across different ethnicities or sexes, and Breakfast Skipping and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Incidence the issue has not been adequately addressed in the Japanese population. Skipping breakfast has been suspected as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the associations are not entirely consistent across ethnicities or sexes, and the issue has not been adequately addressed in the Japanese population. Breakfast skipping was positively associated with T2DM incidence (maximally-adjusted hazard ratio 1.73; 95% CI, 1.24–2.42). Conclusions: The present study in middle-aged Japanese men and women suggests that skipping breakfast may increase the risk of T2DM independent of lifestyles and baseline levels of BMI and FBG
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