Abstract
The objective was to investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), skipping breakfast, and breakfast patterns in Brazilian adults. We analyzed data of 21,003 individuals aged between 20 to 59 from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-2009. Breakfast was defined as the eating occasion between 5 and 10a.m. with the highest usual food consumption (exceeding 50Kcal/209.2kJ). Dietary patterns were derived by the factor analysis of 18 food groups (usual intake). Controlling for confounders linear regressions of BMI were used to verify the associations considering the survey design. Skipping breakfast was not associated with BMI. Three breakfast patterns were observed (48% variability): Brazilian Northern (positive loading for meats, preparations with corn, eggs, tubers/roots/potatoes, dairy products, savory snacks/crackers, fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks); Western (positive for fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks, sandwiches/pizza, baked/deep-fried snacks, chocolate/desserts, cakes/cookies) and Brazilian Southeastern (cold cut meat, milk, cheese, coffee/tea, bread). The Brazilian Southeastern pattern was inversely associated with BMI, while the Brazilian Northern pattern was directly associated with it. Therefore, the results suggest a role for breakfast quality in the association with BMI. Thus, a Brazilian Southeastern breakfast usual intake may be inversely associated with BMI.
Highlights
Due to its high and increasing prevalence, and the struggling understanding of its etiology, obesity is a very important challenge for public health 1,2
This study aims to investigate the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), skipping breakfast, and breakfast patterns in a Brazilian representative survey
Skipping breakfast presented no significant association with BMI levels
Summary
Due to its high and increasing prevalence, and the struggling understanding of its etiology, obesity is a very important challenge for public health 1,2. The prevalence of obesity, mainly caused by changes in lifestyle, is rising in developing countries 3. In Brazil, it reached approximately 15% in adults, in 2008-2009, approaching values observed in developed countries 4. Dietary determinants of excessive weight gain remain controversial. The idea of investigating overall diets has emerged as an important improvement compared to more traditional analyses focused on nutrients and food items because of the complexity of the human diet 5. Dietary patterns are more predictive of disease risks and help to build dietary guidelines considering they capture the correlation between all food items at the same time 6,7,8
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