Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide updated data on breakfast consumption, associated factors and its contribution to daily intakes among Latin American populations. A total of 9218 subjects, 15 to 65 years old, were evaluated in the ELANS study, a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). Dietary data were obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls. Overall, 78.6% of the population were regular breakfast consumer, 15.9% occasional and 5.5% skippers. Adolescents were found to be the most frequent occasional consumers (19.2%) and skippers (6.8%). Among breakfast consumers (n = 8714), breakfast contributed to 444 ± 257 kcal, i.e., 23% of the total daily EI (16–27%). Breakfast consumers were more likely to be older adults than adolescents (OR = 1.49, 95% CI:1.06–2.10) and physically active than insufficiently active (OR = 1.29, 95% CI:1.07–1.55), and were less likely to be underweight than normal weight (OR = 0.63, 95% CI:0.41–0.98). In most countries, breakfast was rich in carbohydrates, added sugars, saturated fat and calcium relative to the entire day, and the energy contribution of protein and fats was lower at breakfast than for the entire day. These findings will contribute to the development of data-driven nutrient recommendations for breakfast in Latin America.
Highlights
IntroductionOver the centuries breakfast has been recognized across the world as an essential meal.A considerable body of scientific evidence from both randomized controlled trials and observationalNutrients 2020, 12, 2397; doi:10.3390/nu12082397 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 2397 studies indicates the relevancy of breakfast consumption and its associated contributions to health [1,2]and nutrient-related outcomes [3,4,5].Despite its importance, the dietary habit of skipping breakfast is quite frequent among countries, with reports showing 4–24% of adults [6,7,8,9,10,11] and 4–26% of adolescents [6,7,8,9,10,11] frequently skipping the morning meal
The purpose of the current study is to provide updated data on the breakfast consumption habit and to explore the factors potentially associated with breakfast consumption, its nutritional composition and contribution to daily intake among the Latin American (LA) population
The analyses considered the following variables: sex, age group, body weight status, socioeconomic level (SEL) and Physical activity (PA) among the Latin American population
Summary
Over the centuries breakfast has been recognized across the world as an essential meal.A considerable body of scientific evidence from both randomized controlled trials and observationalNutrients 2020, 12, 2397; doi:10.3390/nu12082397 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 2397 studies indicates the relevancy of breakfast consumption and its associated contributions to health [1,2]and nutrient-related outcomes [3,4,5].Despite its importance, the dietary habit of skipping breakfast is quite frequent among countries, with reports showing 4–24% of adults [6,7,8,9,10,11] and 4–26% of adolescents [6,7,8,9,10,11] frequently skipping the morning meal. Over the centuries breakfast has been recognized across the world as an essential meal. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2397 studies indicates the relevancy of breakfast consumption and its associated contributions to health [1,2]. The dietary habit of skipping breakfast is quite frequent among countries, with reports showing 4–24% of adults [6,7,8,9,10,11] and 4–26% of adolescents [6,7,8,9,10,11] frequently skipping the morning meal. Of considerable importance is the association between breakfast skipping, unhealthy eating behavior and health outcomes [12]. Many studies have demonstrated positive associations between omitting breakfast and increased bodyweight [13,14], cardiovascular disease [15,16,17], dyslipidemia [18] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [19].
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