Breakdown voltage of diffused epitaxial junctions : Costantin Bulucea. Solid-St. Electron.34(12), 1313 (1991)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of two ethylene glycol-based vitrification solutions on in vitro and in vivo survival after in-straw cryoprotectant dilution of vitrified in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Day-7 expanded blastocysts were selected according to diameter (≥180 μm) and osmotic characteristics and randomly assigned to one of three groups (i) VSa: vitrification in 40% EG + 17.1% SUC + 0.1% PVA; (ii) VSb: vitrification in 20% EG + 20% DMSO; (iii) control: non-vitrified embryos. Vitrification was performed in hand-pulled glass micropipettes (GMP) and cryoprotectant dilution in 0.25 ml straws after warming in a plastic tube. Embryo viability was assessed by re-expansion and hatching rates after 72 h of IVC and by pregnancy rates after direct transfer of vitrified embryos. No differences in re-expansion rates were observed between vitrified groups after 24 h in culture (VSa = 84.5%; VSb = 94.8%). However, fewer VSa embryos (55.2%, P < 0.05) hatched after 72 h than the VSb (75.8%) and control embryos (80.0%). To evaluate in vivo viability, vitrified embryos (VSa = 20; VSb = 21) were warmed under field conditions and individually transferred to synchronous recipients. Pregnancy rates (day 60) were similar between groups (VSa = 20%; VSb = 19%). Greater hatching rates occurred after 72 h of IVC for EG + DMSO than EG + SUC + PVA vitrification solutions. However, using a GMP vitrification container and in-tube warming, both solutions provided similar pregnancy rates after the in-straw cryoprotectant dilution and direct embryo transfer.