Breakdown of aerodynamic interactions for the lateral rotors on a compound helicopter

Leo Veldhuis,Tom Stokkermans,Paul Eglin,Raphaël Fukari,Bambang Soemarwoto

doi:10.1016/j.ast.2020.105845

Leo Veldhuis, Tom Stokkermans + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105845

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Abstract

Auxiliary lift and/or thrust on a compound helicopter can introduce complex aerodynamic interactions between the auxiliary lift and thrust components and the main rotor. In this study high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed to capture the various aerodynamic interactions which are occurring for the Airbus RACER compound helicopter, featuring a box-wing design for auxiliary lift in cruise and wingtip-mounted lateral rotors in pusher configuration for auxiliary thrust in cruise and counter-torque in hover. Although the study was limited to a specific geometry, the effects and phenomena are expected to be to some extent applicable in general for compound helicopters and wingtip-mounted rotors in pusher configuration. A quantitative indication of the aerodynamic interaction effects could be established by leaving away different airframe components in the simulations. The downwash of the main rotor was found to cause a small negative angle of attack in cruise for the wings and lateral rotors and impinged directly on the lateral rotors in hover, resulting in moderate to very significant sinusoidally varying blade loading. The wing increased lateral rotor propulsive efficiency in cruise through its wingtip rotational flowfield and to a lesser extent through its wake. An upstream effect of the lateral rotors on the wing loading was also found. In hover the wing caused a net increase in left lateral rotor thrust as the deflection of the main rotor flow towards the rotor resulted in a local thrust decrease and the low momentum inflow to the rotor from the wake of the wing resulted in a local thrust increase. A small thrust decrease for the right lateral rotor was found due to the wing disturbing its slipstream as this rotor produced reversed thrust. In general, very significant aerodynamic interaction effects can be expected when a main rotor, lateral rotors and wing are in proximity to each other.

Highlights

There is a growing need for aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capability that can go fast and far [1]
As part of the Clean Sky 2 (CS2) research programme, aerodynamic interactions occurring for the Airbus RACER (Rapid And Cost-Effective Rotorcraft) were investigated in a cruise and hover condition
A breakdown was presented of the aerodynamic interactions between the lateral rotors or propellers, the box-wings and the main rotor, focussing mainly at the effects on the propeller loading

Summary

Introduction

There is a growing need for aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capability that can go fast and far [1]. According to Yeo [1], these aerodynamic characteristics could be used for calibration of lower order models, and layout and shape refinement In line with this need, as part of the Clean Sky 2 PROPTER project (Support to aerodynamic analysis and design of propellers of a compound helicopter), in this article a high fidelity breakdown is presented of the various aerodynamic interaction effects between the propellers, the box-wings and the main rotor downwash. These effects include local changes in dynamic pressure and angle of attack from vortices, boundary layers and rotor momentum sources. The focus of this article is on the resulting changes in loading and efficiency of the propellers and lift and drag of the box-wing

Computational setup

Grid and grid dependency study

Cruise condition

Hover condition

Conclusions