Abstract

Excessive dietary sodium is associated with elevated blood pressure (EBP). Bread products are identified as one of the main sources of daily sodium intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between bread and others cereal products consumption with EBP. Frequency intake of a standard serving of bread and other cereal products was recorded and categorized as: ≤3 times/month or never (reference category group) and ≥ once/week. EBP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥120 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mmHg. Raw and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between consumption of the studied food products and blood pressure status were estimated. Overall, 2011 participants aged 37.3 ± 9.1 years old were included. In the models adjusted for relevant covariates, consumption of one piece of bolillo or telera (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.01–1.89) ≥ once/week was associated with an increased risk of EBP, compared to the reference category. Also, participants consuming one bowl of high-fiber breakfast cereal once/week were less likely to have EBP (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.53–0.98). Initiatives to reduce sodium levels in bread products such as bolillo and telera are needed in Mexico to help manage the cardiovascular risk at the population level.

Highlights

  • Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases [1]

  • Comparison between sexes showed that men were younger and reported higher frequencies of alcohol intake, tobacco use, overweightness and obesity, overall elevated blood pressure (EBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 120 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80 mm Hg

  • In this study of an adult population from Mexico City, we found a 1.39-fold increased risk of EBP

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Summary

Introduction

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases [1]. It is estimated that 89.9 million years of disability among women and. 122.2 million among men were attributable to high systolic blood pressure in 2016 [2]. Worldwide HTN prevalence among subjects >20 years old was 31.1% in 2010; a decrease of 2.6% in HTN prevalence was reported in high-income countries, whereas an increase of 7.7% was observed in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2010 [3]. In Mexico, the prevalence of HTN has increased over recent years from 30.1% in 2000 to 31.6% in 2006 and 31.4% in 2012 [4]. There is a large body of evidence linking excessive sodium intake to elevated blood pressure (EBP) and cardiovascular events [5,6]. A high–sodium diet accounted for 4.2% of global

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