Abstract
Excessive dietary sodium is associated with elevated blood pressure (EBP). Bread products are identified as one of the main sources of daily sodium intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between bread and others cereal products consumption with EBP. Frequency intake of a standard serving of bread and other cereal products was recorded and categorized as: ≤3 times/month or never (reference category group) and ≥ once/week. EBP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥120 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mmHg. Raw and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between consumption of the studied food products and blood pressure status were estimated. Overall, 2011 participants aged 37.3 ± 9.1 years old were included. In the models adjusted for relevant covariates, consumption of one piece of bolillo or telera (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.01–1.89) ≥ once/week was associated with an increased risk of EBP, compared to the reference category. Also, participants consuming one bowl of high-fiber breakfast cereal once/week were less likely to have EBP (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.53–0.98). Initiatives to reduce sodium levels in bread products such as bolillo and telera are needed in Mexico to help manage the cardiovascular risk at the population level.
Highlights
Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases [1]
Comparison between sexes showed that men were younger and reported higher frequencies of alcohol intake, tobacco use, overweightness and obesity, overall elevated blood pressure (EBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 120 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 80 mm Hg
In this study of an adult population from Mexico City, we found a 1.39-fold increased risk of EBP
Summary
Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases [1]. It is estimated that 89.9 million years of disability among women and. 122.2 million among men were attributable to high systolic blood pressure in 2016 [2]. Worldwide HTN prevalence among subjects >20 years old was 31.1% in 2010; a decrease of 2.6% in HTN prevalence was reported in high-income countries, whereas an increase of 7.7% was observed in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2010 [3]. In Mexico, the prevalence of HTN has increased over recent years from 30.1% in 2000 to 31.6% in 2006 and 31.4% in 2012 [4]. There is a large body of evidence linking excessive sodium intake to elevated blood pressure (EBP) and cardiovascular events [5,6]. A high–sodium diet accounted for 4.2% of global
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