Abstract
The pathogenic role of inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well known. Anti-inflammatories and antioxidant drugs has demonstrated significant renoprotection in experimental nephropathies. Moreover, the inclusion of natural antioxidants derived from food and herbal extracts (such as polyphenols, curcumin and lycopene) as an adjuvant therapy for slowing CKD progression has been largely tested. Brazilian propolis is a honeybee product, whose anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects have been widely shown in models of sepsis, cancer, skin irritation and liver fibrosis. Furthermore, previous studies demonstrated that this compound promotes vasodilation and reduces hypertension. However, potential renoprotective effects of propolis in CKD have never been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a subtype of Brazilian propolis, the Red Propolis (RP), in the 5/6 renal ablation model (Nx). Adult male Wistar rats underwent Nx and were divided into untreated (Nx) and RP-treated (Nx+RP) groups, after 30 days of surgery; when rats already exhibited marked hypertension and proteinuria. Animals were observed for 90 days from the surgery day, when Nx+RP group showed significant reduction of hypertension, proteinuria, serum creatinine retention, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress, compared to age-matched untreated Nx rats, which worsened progressively over time. In conclusion, RP treatment attenuated hypertension and structural renal damage in Nx model. Reduction of renal inflammation and oxidative stress could be a plausible mechanism to explain this renoprotection.
Highlights
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important cause of death and disability worldwide
During all the experimental period, Nx rats presented reduced body growth compared to S animals, and the Red Propolis (RP) treatment did not changed this parameter (Fig. 1A)
Hypertension, as well as proteinuria exhibited by Nx rats 30 days after renal ablation, did worse in untreated animals by the end of the study (90 days after surgery), as can be seen in Table 2 and Fig. 1
Summary
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important cause of death and disability worldwide. Renoprotective Effect of Red Propolis in Chronic Kidney Disease and rising incidence of diabetes and hypertension. The pathogenic role of inflammation and oxidative stress in CKD is well established. Both the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and the pharmacological inhibition of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production have shown potential renoprotection in experimental models of nephropathy, including the 5/6 renal ablation model (Nx), in which the right kidney is surgically removed and the left kidney has two-thirds of it infracted by ligation of two or three branches of the left renal artery [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. According to Fujihara and collaborators early treatment of Nx rats with either Mycophenolate Mofetil (a potent immunosuppressor) or PDTC (a NF-kappaB inhibitor that presents antioxidant effects) attenuates renal injury and slows the progression of CKD [5,6,10]
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