Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of encapsulating vitamin D3 (VD3) in Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) oil emulsions stabilized with thermally treated soy protein isolate (SPI). SPI dispersions were analyzed using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity and circular dichroism for a better comprehension of the ingredient’s properties. The emulsions produced with SPI dispersions treated at temperatures between 60 and 70 °C showed higher average droplet diameters (10-40 μM) than those treated at 75 and 80 °C. Despite these different droplet diameters, all formulations showed phase separations, requiring the incorporation of xanthan gum (XG) as thickener. Different XG concentrations were, then, tested (0.1 to 0.3% w/v). The formulation with 0.2% (w/v) XG and SPI treated at 75 °C for 15 min showed the highest stability, and, therefore, was used to produce emulsions encapsulating VD3 at two concentrations (120 and 200 μg/mL). After 21 days of storage, the emulsion stabilized with 1.0% (w/v) SPI and 200 µg VD3/mL preserved 97% of the vitamin. Therefore, the results revealed it is possible to obtain an efficient formulation for the encapsulation of VD3 using Brazil nut oil as an oily phase and thermally treated SPI as an emulsifier.
Highlights
Cholecalciferol is a liposoluble vitamin synthesized in the epidermis by the irradiation of ultraviolet sunlight, which converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into previtamin D3 (Paixão & Stamford, 2004)
The low solubilities of commercial soy protein isolate (SPI) at acid and neutral pHs are related to their extraction process, which involves temperature and pH alterations, leading to different extents of denaturation (Lee et al, 2003; Brito-Oliveira et al, 2017)
In their study, Brito-Oliveira et al (2017) did not verify any endothermic peaks in the differential scanning calorimetry results of nontreated samples of the SPI applied in the present study, indicating that the ingredient was commercialized in its denatured state (Brito-Oliveira et al, 2017)
Summary
Cholecalciferol (or vitamin D3) is a liposoluble vitamin synthesized in the epidermis by the irradiation of ultraviolet sunlight, which converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into previtamin D3 (Paixão & Stamford, 2004). Can decrease the synthesis of VD3 in the epidermis (e.g., by using sunscreen) and/or compromise its absorption by the organism (e.g., the aging process, or the use of certain drugs for chronic diseases, and fat malabsorption), causing vitamin D deficiency (Holick, 2017; Holick & Chen, 2008) Such deficiency is associated with several health problems, including stunted growth and rickets in children and accelerated osteopenia and osteoporosis, with an increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in adults (American Geriatrics Society Workgroup on Vitamin D Supplementation for Older Adults, 2014; Jorge et al, 2018). The encapsulation of VD3 in emulsified lipid carriers can be suitable for protecting and delivering such components in a variety of food products (Chaari et al, 2018; Golfomitsou et al, 2018)
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