Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are group of plant steroidal hormones that modulate developmental processes and also have pivotal role in stress management. Biosynthesis of BRs takes place through established early C-6 and late C-6 oxidation pathways and the C-22 hydroxylation pathway triggered by activation of the DWF4 gene that acts on multiple intermediates. BRs are recognized at the cell surface by the receptor kinases, BRI1 and BAK1, which relay signals to the nucleus through a phosphorylation cascade involving phosphorylation of BSU1 protein and proteasomal degradation of BIN2 proteins. Inactivation of BIN2 allows BES1/BZR1 to enter the nucleus and regulate the expression of target genes. In the whole cascade of signal recognition, transduction and regulation of target genes, BRs crosstalk with other phytohormones that play significant roles. In the current era, plants are continuously exposed to abiotic stresses and heavy metal stress is one of the major stresses. The present study reveals the mechanism of these events from biosynthesis, transport and crosstalk through receptor kinases and transcriptional networks under heavy metal stress.
Highlights
Brassinosteroids (BRs) were discovered 40 years ago, and since an enormous amount of work has been done to illuminate their role in plant physiology (Peres et al, 2019)
We have discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of the BRs, the roles of various transcriptional factors on gene expression, the interactions with auxin and other molecules, and the modulating effects of BRI 1-EMS suppressor-1 (BES1)/brassinazoleresistant 1 (BZR1) in the biosynthesis of BRs
The molecular mechanism of BR signaling from its recognition on the plasma membrane to the transcriptional activation of specific genes in the nucleus has been reviewed in detail
Summary
Brassinosteroids (BRs) were discovered 40 years ago, and since an enormous amount of work has been done to illuminate their role in plant physiology (Peres et al, 2019). Brassinosteroids are recognized by the receptor kinase, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), and the subsequent downstream signal cascade activates the brassinazoleresistant 1 (BZR1) family of transcription factors, which plays a vital role in brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression (Guo R. et al, 2013).
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