Abstract
This chapter discusses the occupational, environmental and clinical human health risks of metals, such as aluminium, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, copper, iron salts, lanthanum carbonate, nickel, titanium , and zinc. There is epidemiological evidence of an association between aluminium in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease, and between aluminium in dialysate and dialysis dementia. Pentavalent antimonial compounds, such as sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate, continue to be used in the first-line chemotherapy of leishmaniasis and in oncology. Attention has been paid to the molecular mechanisms of resistance to antimonials in leishmaniasis. The safety of bismuth salts used in Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens has been investigated in a systematic review. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, metallic taste, nausea, and/or vomiting and dark stools were included as adverse events. Lanthanum carbonate is an aluminium-free, calcium-free, phosphate-binding agent used to control phosphorus concentrations in patients with renal insufficiency.
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