Abstract
Utilizing a conceptual framework of branching in—the ability of the state to utilize internal assets and mechanisms—and branching out—the solicitation of external services—this article introduces several criteria that states must fulfill in order to branch in, namely infrastructure control, offensive cyber capability, and sufficient resources. Subsequently, failure to meet one or more of these criteria forces a branch out toward commodity spyware. Nuances in this argument and the inherent features of commodity spyware also highlight the use of such services even by “branch-in capable” states. The findings within this article offer a broad overview of the factors predilecting state use of commodity spyware, with general applications for both nondemocratic and democratic states.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
