Abstract
The metabolomic approach to research on lifestyle diseases has led to the discovery of new potential biomarkers of pathological conditions as well as key metabolic pathways that may become targets of therapeutic intervention. Current evidence supports plasma branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the biological mechanisms of the associations that have been identified are still not completely understood and should be clarified before implementing BCAA-based biomarkers in the clinical setting. The most crucial issue that needs to be solved first is determining whether BCAA plasma profile disturbances are only passive biomarkers or whether they facilitate dysmetabolic processes. In this context, further research is also warranted to investigate the role of dietary BCAAs. Gaining this knowledge would be significant progress in molecular nutrition research, providing perspective for target therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the main hypotheses and mechanistic models that consider circulating BCAAs both as passive biomarkers and as contributors to cardiometabolic diseases.
Highlights
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the main hypotheses and mechanistic models that consider circulating branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) both as passive biomarkers and as contributors to cardiometabolic diseases
Evidence from recent studies indicates that there is a close association between the plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) such as diabetes (DM2), insulin resistance (IR), cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS).[2]
MTOC1 overstimulation by a high abundance of nutrients, proinflammatory cytokines and extra cell stimulation by insulin and insulin growth factor (IGF) will result in IR on the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) level, with concomitant lipid synthesis promotion via sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1).37 This is the foundation for the hypothesis that an energy-dense diet rich in AAs coming from dairy will lead to IR via mTOR overstimulation.[37]
Summary
The metabolomic approach to research on lifestyle diseases has led to the discovery of new potential biomarkers of pathological conditions as well as key metabolic pathways that may become targets of therapeutic interventions.[1] Evidence from recent studies indicates that there is a close association between the plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) such as diabetes (DM2), insulin resistance (IR), cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MS).[2] it has been shown that BCAAs have diagnostic and prognostic value, correlate with positive outcomes of therapeutic interventions, and can be used to differentiate metabolically healthy from metabolically unhealthy obese patients.
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