Brain tumor detection using proper orthogonal decomposition integrated with deep learning networks

Abstract

Background and ObjectiveThe central organ of the human nervous system is the brain, which receives and sends stimuli to the various parts of the body to engage in daily activities. Uncontrolled growth of brain cells can result in tumors which affect the normal functions of healthy brain cells. An automatic reliable technique for detecting tumors is imperative to assist medical practitioners in the timely diagnosis of patients. Although machine learning models are being used, with minimal data availability to train, development of low-order based models integrated with machine learning are a tool for reliable detection. MethodsIn this study, we focus on comparing a low-order model such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) coupled with convolutional neural network (CNN) on 2D images from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to effectively identify brain tumors. The explainability of the coupled POD-CNN prediction output as well as the state-of-the-art pre-trained transfer learning models such as MobileNetV2, Inception-v3, ResNet101, and VGG-19 were explored. ResultsThe results showed that CNN predicted tumors with an accuracy of 99.21% whereas POD-CNN performed better with about 1/3rd of computational time at an accuracy of 95.88%. Explainable AI with SHAP showed MobileNetV2 has better prediction in identifying the tumor boundaries. ConclusionsIntegration of POD with CNN is carried for the first time to detect brain tumor detection with minimal MRI scan data. This study facilitates low-model approaches in machine learning to improve the accuracy and performance of tumor detection.