Abstract
A brain–computer interface (BCI) has been extensively studied to develop a novel communication system for disabled people using their brain activities. An asynchronous BCI system is more realistic and practical than a synchronous BCI system, in that, BCI commands can be generated whenever the user wants. However, the relatively low performance of an asynchronous BCI system is problematic because redundant BCI commands are required to correct false-positive operations. To significantly reduce the number of false-positive operations of an asynchronous BCI system, a two-step approach has been proposed using a brain-switch that first determines whether the user wants to use an asynchronous BCI system before the operation of the asynchronous BCI system. This study presents a systematic review of the state-of-the-art brain-switch techniques and future research directions. To this end, we reviewed brain-switch research articles published from 2000 to 2019 in terms of their (a) neuroimaging modality, (b) paradigm, (c) operation algorithm, and (d) performance.
Highlights
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a technology used to provide patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS) caused by a neurodegenerative disease with an alternative communication channel [1].A brain–computer interface (BCI) decodes voluntarily modulated neural signals to control external devices or generate communication messages [2,3,4,5,6]
We first read their titles and abstracts to check whether each of the 977 papers was related to asynchronous BCI and brain-switch studies, and made an initial list for this review; 116 papers were included in our initial list
Our review results are provided according to the following seven topics: (i) the operational principle of a brain-switch, (ii) experimental paradigms to evaluate the performance of brain-switches, (iii) detection algorithms used in brain-switches, (iv) the taxonomy of brain-switches, (v) EEG-based brain-switches, (vi) NIRS-based brain-switches, and (vii) ECoG-based brain-switches
Summary
Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a technology used to provide patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS) caused by a neurodegenerative disease with an alternative communication channel [1]. In some BCI studies, alternative solutions have been proposed to overcome the relatively poor performance of asynchronous BCI systems, mainly caused by the FPR, namely, a two-step approach that consists of control and no-control states by introducing a brain-switch to an asynchronous BCI system [8,33,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. If the user’s control intention is detected by the brain-switch, the no-control state is changed into a control state, thereby initiating the second step of an asynchronous BCI system, where the user can generate commands to either operate an asynchronous. To investigate the state-of-the-art technologies of brain-switches for asynchronous BCI systems, we collected articles related to brain-switches published during the last 20 years (2000–2019), thereby providing insight into the development of brain-switches and future directions.
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