Abstract
BackgroundA lumbar drainage catheter is frequently placed intra-operatively to decrease fluid pressure on the brain in aneurysmal subarachnoid cases. In rare cases, this catheter placement can lead to intracranial hypotension, resulting in brain stem herniation termed “brain sag” and it can lead to neurological injury and may prove to be fatal. We present our patient with brain sag secondary to intraoperative lumbar drainage. Case descriptionA 56-year-old woman was admitted with a sudden onset of severe headache. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. After general anesthesia, a lumbar drainage catheter was placed intra-operatively to reduce pressure on the brain and 50 cc of CSF was removed during a 5-h period. Three to five days after operation, her neurologic symptoms became worse with an altered mental state and pupillary asymmetry. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed slit lateral ventricles, effacement of the cisterns and an elongated brain stem. After placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position, the patient rapidly recovered to her baseline neurologic state. DiscussionTypical complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage such as vasospasm or hydrocephalus also manifest as neurological deterioration, but their treatments differ greatly from those for brain sag. Thusly, it is important to distinguish between causes. Treatments such as lumbar or extra-ventricular drainage, induced hypertension or administration of mannitol must be stopped once brain sag is suspected. Also, care should be taken for typical imaging features of brain sag on CT or MRI scan. For brain sag, placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position can improve neurological status in a rapid fashion.ConclusionsBrain sag is a rare but serious condition and can be fatal if not rapidly diagnosed and treated. We therefore recommend including brain sag in the differential diagnosis, along with vasospasm, hydrocephalus or cerebral edema as part of possible complications following subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment. We hope our clinical and imaging data from this case study contribute to the correct diagnosis of brain sag, as its early detection is important.
Highlights
A lumbar drainage catheter is frequently placed intra-operatively to decrease fluid pressure on the brain in aneurysmal subarachnoid cases
We there‐ fore recommend including brain sag in the differential diagnosis, along with vasospasm, hydrocephalus or cerebral edema as part of possible complications following subarachnoid hemorrhage treatment
From brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intracranial hypotension can manifest with diffuse meningeal enhancement, “brain sag” morphology, effacement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cisterns or Arnold-Chiari malformation (Atkinson et al 1998; Hochman and Naidich 1999; Savoiardo et al 2010)
Summary
Brain relaxation is necessary to expose the Circle of Willis. Brain sag after intraoperative lumbar spinal drainage during ruptured aneurysm surgery is a rare complication and only a handful of cases have been reported. Komotar et al presented three diagnostic criteria for brain sag: a CT scan showing (1) effacement of the cisterns and an elongated midbrain, (2) rapid improvement from placement in the Trendelenburg position, and (3) mid-sagittal MR or CT images showing descent of the brain stem. The majority of patients showed improvement of symptoms after placement in the Trendelenburg position, just as we had observed in the present case In these studies, invasive procedures such as placing an epidural blood patch and exploratory craniotomy were needed to stem persistent CSF leaks or when a space-occupying lesion was detected (see Table 2). Given the unlikelihood of such a prospective study being conducted, it is our opinion that a future study focusing on the amount of CSF drainage that brings about brain sag should be considered
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