Abstract
Smoking cessation is critical for reducing the risk of respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However, most cessation attempts resulted in failure. In the present study, we aim to explore whether alterations of brain gray matter (GM) volume and functional connectivity (FC) are related to cessation outcomes, in hope of providing evidence for improving smoking cessation outcomes. Seventy-three smokers and 41 non-smokers were enrolled in the present study. All smokers participated in a 12-week smoking cessation treatment during which Varenicline was used to aid cessation. At the end of treatment, the smokers were divided into quitters and relapsers based on their abstinence performance. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry were applied to quantify the differences of regional brain volumes among the three groups at baseline. In addition, resting-state FC was used to investigate the related functional changes. In comparison with non-smokers, the smokers showed smaller GM volume in the left dorsal medial thalamus. Among the 73 smokers, 29 subjects successfully quitted smoking. The quitters showed greater GM volume than the relapsers in the right postcentral gyrus, right putamen\\caudate nucleus and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The GM volume in the left OFC was found to be negatively correlated with the pack years and daily smoking amount in the quitters. Furthermore, we found significantly reduced FC between left thalamus and left cerebellum in the relapsers. These findings extended our knowledge of the neural mechanism of smoking cessation, and suggested that brain structural and functional changes were related to smoking cessation outcomes.
Highlights
Chronic cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and cancers (Ezzati and Lopez, 2003)
We found that the functional connectivity (FC) between the left dorsal medial thalamus and left cerebellum (Figure 3, cerebellum lobule VII, cluster size = 34, MNI coordinate: −15 −69 −45, p = 0.002) showed significant difference among the three groups
The thalamus is rich in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which have a high affinity to nicotine
Summary
Chronic cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and cancers (Ezzati and Lopez, 2003). Gray matter (GM) volume and/or density changes have been found in smokers in multiple regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC; Brody et al, 2004; Gallinat et al, 2006; Almeida et al, 2008; Zhang et al, 2011a,b; Liao et al, 2012; Morales et al, 2012), anterior cingulate (Gallinat et al, 2006; Liao et al, 2012), thalamus (Gallinat et al, 2006; Almeida et al, 2008; Liao et al, 2012), temporal lobe (Gallinat et al, 2006), cerebellum (Gallinat et al, 2006; Yu et al, 2011; Kühn et al, 2012), etc Alterations in these regions may contribute to the impairment of various cognitive functions (Ullsperger and von Cramon, 2001; Grecucci et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2016), and lead to addictive behaviors
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