Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between complex brain functional networks and the metabolites in urine in subclinical depression. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded from 78 female college students, including 40 with subclinical depression (ScD) and 38 healthy controls (HC). The phase delay index was utilized to construct functional connectivity networks and quantify the topological properties of brain networks using graph theory. Meanwhile, the urine of all participants was collected for non-targeted LC-MS metabolic analysis to screen differential metabolites. The global efficiency was significantly increased in the α-2, β-1, and β-2 bands, while the characteristic path length of β-1 and β-2 and the clustering coefficient of β-2 were decreased in the ScD group. The severity of depression was negatively correlated with the level of cortisone (p = 0.016, r = −0.40). The metabolic pathways, including phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine tyrosine tryptophan biosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism, were disturbed in the ScD group. The three metabolic pathways were negatively correlated (p = 0.014, r = −0.493) with the global efficiency of the brain network of the β-2 band, whereas they were positively correlated (p = 0.014, r = 0.493) with the characteristic path length of the β-2 band. They were mainly associated with low levels of L-phenylalanine, and the highest correlation sparsity was 0.11. The disturbance of phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine biosynthesis pathways cause depressive symptoms and changes in functional brain networks. The decrease in the L-phenylalanine level may be related to the randomization trend of the β-1 frequency brain functional network.
Highlights
There are about 100 trillion microorganisms with different forms and functions in the human intestinal flora, which is an essential part of the organism [1]
This study found that phenylalanine metabolism and phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine biosynthetic pathways were disrupted in the subclinical depression (ScD) group, which was mainly associated with a decrease in L-phenylalanine
Given the the above above discussion, discussion, we we found found that that network the β-1 band of brain functional network associated with negative emotion regulation in the β-1 band of brain functional network associated with negative emotion regulation in female college collegestudents studentswith with tends torandomized, be randomized, the disruption of female tends to be whilewhile the disruption of phenyphenylalanine metabolism and phenylalanine, tryptophan, and biosynthetic tyrosine biosynthetic lalanine metabolism and phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine pathways pathways is mainly with associated with in a decrease in L-phenylalanine
Summary
There are about 100 trillion microorganisms with different forms and functions in the human intestinal flora, which is an essential part of the organism [1]. The intestinal flora involved in regulating the complex processes of organism physiology, and affects the function of the central nervous system by mediating the vagus, immune system, and endocrine system [2]. Studies have shown that the intestinal flora of patients with depression is significantly different from that of the normal population and can affect brain function through the gut–brain axis, indicating that the intestinal flora is closely related to the occurrence and development of depression [3]. The brain–gut axis is a regulatory system for bidirectional signal transmission between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. Studies have shown that depression and gastrointestinal disorders have a higher co-morbidity [4]. Depression may cause intestinal disorders that could result in neuroendocrine and enteric nerve disorders through the brain–
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