Abstract
Brain fingerprinting detects concealed information stored in the brain by measuring brainwave responses. We compared P300 and P300-MERMER event-related brain potentials for error rate/accuracy and statistical confidence in four field/real-life studies. 76 tests detected presence or absence of information regarding (1) real-life events including felony crimes; (2) real crimes with substantial consequences (either a judicial outcome, i.e., evidence admitted in court, or a $100,000 reward for beating the test); (3) knowledge unique to FBI agents; and (4) knowledge unique to explosives (EOD/IED) experts. With both P300 and P300-MERMER, error rate was 0 %: determinations were 100 % accurate, no false negatives or false positives; also no indeterminates. Countermeasures had no effect. Median statistical confidence for determinations was 99.9 % with P300-MERMER and 99.6 % with P300. Brain fingerprinting methods and scientific standards for laboratory and field applications are discussed. Major differences in methods that produce different results are identified. Markedly different methods in other studies have produced over 10 times higher error rates and markedly lower statistical confidences than those of these, our previous studies, and independent replications. Data support the hypothesis that accuracy, reliability, and validity depend on following the brain fingerprinting scientific standards outlined herein.
Highlights
Introduction and backgroundThis paper reports four field/real-life studies using eventrelated potentials in the detection of concealed information
We compared P300 and P300-MERMER event-related brain potentials for error rate/accuracy and statistical confidence in four field/real-life studies. 76 tests detected presence or absence of information regarding (1) real-life events including felony crimes; (2) real crimes with substantial consequences; (3) knowledge unique to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents; and (4) knowledge unique to explosives (EOD/improvised explosive device (IED)) experts
As is described in the Discussion section, we discovered that when the stimuli are longer phrases, which take some time for the subject to decipher, and the interstimulus interval is sufficiently long to display the full response, the positive P300 peak is followed by a late negative peak (LNP)
Summary
Introduction and backgroundThis paper reports four field/real-life studies using eventrelated potentials in the detection of concealed information. A primary purpose of these studies was to test the effectiveness of certain very specific methods for using brain responses in the detection of concealed information. We tested these specific methods in two types of field/real-life tests in detecting concealed information obtained in the course of real-life events. They used event-related brain potentials to detect concealed information regarding specific incidents in the lives of subjects, including major crimes with life-changing judicial outcomes. Two studies were specific screening or focused screening tests.1 They used event-related potentials to detect knowledge related to a particular kind of training or expertise, knowledge characteristic of FBI agents and knowledge characteristic of explosives experts or bomb makers Two studies were specific screening or focused screening tests. They used event-related potentials to detect knowledge related to a particular kind of training or expertise, knowledge characteristic of FBI agents and knowledge characteristic of explosives experts or bomb makers
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