Abstract
This perspective article provides observations supporting the view that nigro-striatal dopamine neurons and meso-limbic dopamine neurons mainly communicate through short distance volume transmission in the um range with dopamine diffusing into extrasynaptic and synaptic regions of glutamate and GABA synapses. Based on this communication it is discussed how volume transmission modulates synaptic glutamate transmission onto the D1R modulated direct and D2R modulated indirect GABA pathways of the dorsal striatum. Each nigro-striatal dopamine neuron was first calculated to form large numbers of neostriatal DA nerve terminals and then found to give rise to dense axonal arborizations spread over the neostriatum, from which dopamine is released. These neurons can through DA volume transmission directly influence not only the striatal GABA projection neurons but all the striatal cell types in parallel. It includes the GABA nerve cells forming the island-/striosome GABA pathway to the nigral dopamine cells, the striatal cholinergic interneurons and the striatal GABA interneurons. The dopamine modulation of the different striatal nerve cell types involves the five dopamine receptor subtypes, D1R to D5R receptors, and their formation of multiple extrasynaptic and synaptic dopamine homo and heteroreceptor complexes. These features of the nigro-striatal dopamine neuron to modulate in parallel the activity of practically all the striatal nerve cell types in the dorsal striatum, through the dopamine receptor complexes allows us to understand its unique and crucial fine-tuning of movements, which is lost in Parkinson's disease. Integration of striatal dopamine signals with other transmitter systems in the striatum mainly takes place via the receptor-receptor interactions in dopamine heteroreceptor complexes. Such molecular events also participate in the integration of volume transmission and synaptic transmission. Dopamine modulation of the glutamate synapses on the dorsal striato-pallidal GABA pathway involves D2R heteroreceptor complexes such as D2R-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R, and NTSR1-D2R heteroreceptor complexes. The dopamine modulation of glutamate synapses on the striato-entopeduncular/nigral pathway takes place mainly via D1R heteroreceptor complexes such as D1R-NMDAR, A2R-D1R, and D1R-D3R heteroreceptor complexes. Dopamine modulation of the island/striosome compartment of the dorsal striatum projecting to the nigral dopamine cells involve D4R-MOR heteroreceptor complexes. All these receptor-receptor interactions have relevance for Parkinson's disease and its treatment.
Highlights
A major step in understanding the role of dopamine (DA) in the brain (Carlsson and Waldeck, 1958) was the discovery that DA exists in a number of central DA neuron systems (Fuxe, 1963, 1965a,b; Anden et al, 1964, 1966; Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Fuxe et al, 1970a)
The results indicate that the D2 receptor type (D2R)-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R, and NTS1R-D2R heteroreceptor complexes are all located on the dorsal striato-pallidal GABA neurons, mediating motor inhibition, mainly located on the dendritic spines in relation to or within cortico-striatal glutamate synapses
DA transmission is accomplished by its binding to five different receptor subtypes, D1R to D5R receptors, and the formation of a network of extrasynaptic and synaptic DA heteroreceptor complexes
Summary
A major step in understanding the role of dopamine (DA) in the brain (Carlsson and Waldeck, 1958) was the discovery that DA exists in a number of central DA neuron systems (Fuxe, 1963, 1965a,b; Anden et al, 1964, 1966; Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Fuxe et al, 1970a). Within the same mammalian order the same complement of monoamine cell groups exists within the DA, NA, and 5-HT neuron systems irrespective of changes in features such as brain mass, life history or adult phenotype (Manger, 2005; Bhagwandin et al, 2008; Limacher et al, 2008; Dell et al, 2010; Kruger et al, 2012; Calvey et al, 2015) This perspective article will provide observations supporting the view that nigro-striatal DA neurons mainly communicate via volume transmission (Fuxe et al, 2013b; Borroto-Escuela et al, 2015a). In synaptic heteroreceptor complexes volume transmission and synaptic transmission can become integrated
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