Abstract
Flexibility in signal transmission is essential for high-level brain function. This flexibility is achieved through strict spatial and temporal control of gene expression in neurons. Given the key regulatory roles of a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in neurons, studying neuron-specific ncRNAs provides an important basis for understanding molecular principles of brain function. This approach will have wide use in understanding the pathogenesis of brain diseases and in the development of therapeutic agents in the future. Brain cytoplasmic RNAs (BC RNAs) are a leading paradigm for research on neuronal ncRNAs. Since the first confirmation of brain-specific expression of BC RNAs in 1982, their investigation has been an area of active research. In this review, we summarize key studies on the characteristics and functions of BC RNAs in neurons.
Highlights
Prior to completion of sequencing of the human genome, the complexity of living organisms had been assumed to derive from the diversity of protein-coding genes, which were estimated to number ≈120,000 in the human genome [1,2]
These findings show how important the dendritic localization of BC200 brain cytoplasmic RNA (RNA) is for normal brain activity
If a protein is the object that performs a physical function in a cell, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) are regulators that control this function so that it occurs at the right time and place [11]
Summary
Prior to completion of sequencing of the human genome, the complexity of living organisms had been assumed to derive from the diversity of protein-coding genes, which were estimated to number ≈120,000 in the human genome [1,2]. About 60,000 lncRNAs have been identified in human cells; as an indication that ncRNA research is still in its infancy, ≈70% of these lncRNAs remain unnamed [2,8] These RNAs were initially thought to be transcription byproducts without specific functions [9,10], recent studies have shown that RNAs themselves or their transcription actively contribute to biological phenomena through a variety of mechanisms [8,11,12,13,14,15]. FigureF1i.guBrrea1i.nBcrayitnocpyltaospmlaiscmRicNRANAs s(B(BCCRRNNAAss))ininnneueruornosn. (sA. )(TAh)eTjohuernjoeyuronf eByC oRfNBACs iRnNneAursoinns.neurons. (B) Pro(mB)oPterorsmoofteBrsCoRf BNCARsNcAons sciosntsoisft tohfethceocroerme motoitfi,f,TTAATTAA--lliikkee sseeqquueennceceininthtehuepusptrsetarmeasmequseenqcueence and A-box aasennqddueABn--cbbeoosxxaaninnddtrheBce-rbuionixttseinrthnetahlpesoielnyqtmeureenrnaalcseese.IqITIuAceonTmcAep.-blTeixAn.TdTAihn-ebgsienpdpriornotgceeipsnsreo(sTteBainrPe)(rTreBegPcuo)lagrtenecdiozgbenysizspeorspohpmirsootimtceaortteesdrequences and recnreuuitrsonthale-sppoelcyifmic earcatisveaItiInIgcopmatphwleaxy..T(Ch)esBeCpRrNocAesssbeinsdarweirtehghueltaetreodgebnyeosuosprhibisotnicuactleeodpnroetueirnonAa2l-specific activat(ihnngRpNaPthAw2)ainy.th(Ce s)oBmCa.RRNNPAcsobmipnldexwisimthighraetteedroingteondeeonudrsitreibaloonngucthleeompicrrootteuibnuAle.2(D(h)nMRitNogPenA- 2) in the soma. aRcNtivPatceodmpproletexiniskminiagsreatkeindaisne/tEoxdtreacnedllruiltaer asliognagl-trhegeumlatiecdroktuinbausele.(M(DEK) /MERitKo)gpenro-macottievsatheed protein kinase tkrainnsalsaeti/oEnxotrfadceenldluriltaicrmsiRgNnAal-arnedgBuClaRteNdAksiinnahsibeit(MexcEeKss/iEveRtKra)npslraotimono.tBeCs tRhNeAtrsaanreslkaetyiofnacotofrsdendritic mRNAmaanindtaBinCinRgNtraAnsslaintihonibbiatleaxncceesinsitvhee ptroasntssylnaatpiotinc.reBgCionR.NAs are key factors maintaining translation balance in the postsynaptic region
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