Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is one of the most destructive diseases and can cause severe yield losses in many regions of the world. Because of the large size and complexity of wheat genome, it is difficult to study the molecular mechanism of interaction between wheat and PST. Brachypodium distachyon has become a model system for temperate grasses’ functional genomics research. The phenotypic evaluation showed that the response of Brachypodium distachyon to PST was nonhost resistance (NHR), which allowed us to present this plant-pathogen system as a model to explore the immune response and the molecular mechanism underlying wheat and PST. Here we reported the generation of about 7,000 T-DNA insertion lines based on a highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Hundreds of mutants either more susceptible or more resistant to PST than that of the wild type Bd21 were obtained. The three putative target genes, Bradi5g17540, BdMYB102 and Bradi5g11590, of three T-DNA insertion mutants could be involved in NHR of Brachypodium distachyon to wheat stripe rust. The systemic pathologic study of this T-DNA mutants would broaden our knowledge of NHR, and assist in breeding wheat cultivars with durable resistance.
Highlights
Wheat stripe rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is considered to be the most devastating foliar disease and the most serious threat to global sustainable wheat production[1]
The necrotic patches were noted around the stomata and pigmented cells (PC) showing the programmed cell death or hypersensitive response (HR) of the host to hinder the further invasion by the germ tube or penetration into stomata in Bd21 (Fig. 1C,F,G and I)
The large size genome and numerous highly repetitive sequences severely hindered the cloning of wheat resistant genes and the research on molecular mechanism underlying the interaction with pathogens
Summary
Wheat stripe rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is considered to be the most devastating foliar disease and the most serious threat to global sustainable wheat production[1]. Later the WKS1 was found to target to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associated ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species and contributes to cell death[4] Another partial resistant gene Yr18, resembling adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance subfamily, supports durable resistance to multiple fungal pathogens in wheat including PST5. Large collections of Brachypodium distachyon T-DNA insertion mutant lines has been established, such as the available 23, 000 lines at Joint Genome Institute (JGI), and 13, 000 lines produced by the BrachyTAG programme and USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center (in the year 2010) These collections are mainly used to do the research about the biomass quality and agronomic characteristics of cereal and energy crops. Our study explored the potential of Brachypodium distachyon T-DNA insertion lines as nonhost and their ability to serve as model pathosytem to study NHR to wheat stripe rust
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