Abstract
The Box–Jenkins model is a polynomial model that uses transfer functions to express relationships between input, output, and noise for a given system. In this article, we present a Box–Jenkins linear model for a lithium-ion battery cell for use in electric vehicles. The model parameter identifications are based on automotive drive-cycle measurements. The proposed model prediction performance is evaluated using the goodness-of-fit criteria and the mean squared error between the Box–Jenkins model and the measured battery cell output. A simulation confirmed that the proposed Box–Jenkins model could adequately capture the battery cell dynamics for different automotive drive cycles and reasonably predict the actual battery cell output. The goodness-of-fit value shows that the Box–Jenkins model matches the battery cell data by 86.85% in the identification phase, and 90.83% in the validation phase for the LA-92 driving cycle. This work demonstrates the potential of using a simple and linear model to predict the battery cell behavior based on a complex identification dataset that represents the actual use of the battery cell in an electric vehicle.
Highlights
We aimed to develop a linear Box–Jenkins black-box model for a lithiumion battery cell to estimate its dynamic behavior with good accuracy
We proposed a linear model for the li-ion battery cell
Given the specificities of the battery management systems in an electric vehicle, we are interested in studying the battery cell dynamic behavior in its actual use
Summary
The transport sector is one of the main gas emission sources of greenhouse gases [2]. The electrification of the vehicle powertrain is a key step to reduce these emissions and greenhouse gases [3]. This type of vehicle is all-electric and uses rechargeable batteries to power an electric motor. As there is no toxic gas emission, this vehicle is called a rechargeable electric vehicle or green vehicle [4,5]. With the growing popularity of electric vehicles, the batteries used in these applications are at the center of attention. It is often mentioned that batteries are very important and expensive components in an electric drivetrain. Lithium-ion batteries have drawn attention compared to other battery types due to their long life, high energy density, respect for the environment, and low rate of self-discharge [6,7,8]
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