Bowker's foot physiology

Abstract

What does a horse’s foot have in common with a Nike running shoe? A lot, according to Dr. Robert Bowker, an associate professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine’s Department of Anatomy at Michigan State University. Bowker has put together a new picture of equine foot physiology that suggests vascular systems in the horse foot functions in much the same way that airor gel-filled running shoes do. His comments are posted on the Internet by Star Knight Farm. “Moving liquids are the best way to dissipate energy,” said Dr. Bowker. “That is why some of the major running shoe manufacturers market products that contain liquids in their soles.” Bowker has theorized a “hemodynamic flow” process in which he proposes that much of the blood in horse feet fulfills purposes other than providing nutrients to hoof tissues. “It dissipates energy within feet that is created during the act of galloping, trotting or walking,” he said. Currently, equine foot physiology researchers subscribe to 1 of 2 anatomic theories—pressure theory or depression theory—which are, in many respects, mirror images of each other. “Pressure theory says that when the hoof hits the ground, the pressure of the impact hits the frog of the hoof; which causes the back part of the foot to move outward,” Bowker said. Depression theory suggests that when impact on the ground occurs, the pastern descends and depresses the digital cushion inside the hoof. “According to both theories, these actions push hoof cartilage to the outside, with the digital cushion absorbing the energy,” he said. Both theories state that blood is pumped from the hoof at impact. Yet both theories share a single problem. Researchers who attempt to duplicate depression or pressure theory in the laboratory or on live horses are unable to do so. Problems arise when researchers attempt to account for how the energy of the hoof’s impact with the ground is dissipated. “The digital cushion is made of soft, elastic tissue and acts like a spring,” said Bowker. “So for every action, we would expect a reaction of equal force.” Yet when researchers put energy measurement devices into digital cushions, that does not happen. “When the hoof is in the air, it registers zero pressure,” he said. “But when it hits the ground, instead of registering positive pressure, it is actually negative.” Bowker’s hemodynamic flow hypothesis suggests this negative pressure is actually created by the outward movement of the hoof cartilage. This movement creates a vacuum action that sucks blood from beneath the coffin into the rear portion of the hoof. “As the blood moves to the rear of the hoof through microvessels in the lateral hoof cartilage, it dissipates the energy caused by its impact on the ground, much like fluid-filled running shoes do,” he said. In developing this new theory, Dr. Bowker observed that horses with good feet have more blood vessels in the lateral cartilage of their hooves than those that had histories of foot problems. Additionally, blood vessels in healthier animals were located inside the lateral cartilage of the hoof, and the digital cushion on these animals tended to be made of cartilaginous material instead of elastic tissue. Bowker’s theory not only proposes a new physiology for horse feet, he also suggests some of the more widely held views in the equine industry should be revised or, at least, reexamined. For example, he presents a wholly different view of the horse foot that sees it as very responsive and adaptable to ground impact. Stimulation of the internal foot structures will result in the development of more efficient ways to dissipate energy and support the horse’s weight he believes. It also suggests horses with navicular disease may not need to be put down and that hoof-trimming techniques might need to be reviewed. “We need to be trimming hooves so that more of the back part of the foot— including the frog—bears the initial ground impact forces and weight,” Bowker stated. He has been working with Gene Ovnicek, a farrier from Montana, and Dr. Barbara page, a veterinarian in Colorado, who are putting some of these principles into practice. They are trimming the feet so that the breakover is much shorter, and the frog and back part of the feet support a lot of the weight of the horse. These farrier techniques seem to encourage development of tissues that dissipate more energy when hooves hit the ground. “If hooves are trimmed so that the frog rests on the ground,” Bowker said, “it stimulates the back part of the hoof to grow more fibrous and cartilaginous digital cushions, which appear to be ‘protective’ of the more chronic foot problems. Conversely, with digital cushions constructed of only elastic and fatty tissues, with little or no fibrocartilage, the ground impact energy is transmitted to foot bones and ligaments, resulting in internal foot problems, such as navicular disease. Across most of the breeds examined, environmental (ie, nongenetic) factors seem to be a major contribution to the development of the internal tissues of the back part of the foot.” “Some of these factors include the frog resting on the ground, husbandry of the horse, trimming and shoeing methods, and so forth. Horse feet with good environmental stimulation of the back part of the foot, the digital cushion, and the lateral cartilage will respond by becoming more robust structures to dissipate the initial impact energies and provide better support for the horse when the horse is standing. In those horses that do not have good environmental stimulation of the back part of the foot—for example, a trimmed or recessed frog, rather than one resting on the ground—regardless of the breed, the internal tissues of the back part of the foot will be underdeveloped, which will lead to internal foot problems such as navicular syndrome.” Bowker firmly believes that as we begin to understand internal foot biology, we will be able to decrease the incidence of navicular syndrome and other foot diseases. (From http://www.star-knightfarm. com/info/foot.htm) Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 0737-0806/02/2212-0010$35.00/0 doi:10.1053/jevs.2002.37487