Bowel Control, Bladder Function, and Quality of Life in Children with Cloacal Malformations

Abstract

IntroductionLong-term outcomes of cloacal malformations remain unclear. We evaluated postoperative bowel control, bladder function and quality of life in patients under 18 years of age with cloaca. Materials and methodsThis was a multi-center cross-sectional observational study accomplished by the Nordic Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium. Patients with a cloacal malformation, 4–17 years of age, were eligible. Data including patient characteristics, surgical procedures, and complications were retrieved from case records. Established questionnaires with normative control values evaluating bowel function, bladder function, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were sent to the patients and their caregivers. The study was approved by the participating center's Ethics Review Authorities. ResultsTwenty-six (67%) of 39 eligible patients with median age 9.5 (range, 4–17) years responded. Twenty-one (81%) patients had a common channel ≤3 cm. Imaging confirmed sacral anomalies in 11 patients and spinal cord abnormalities in nine. Excluding patients with stoma (n = 5), median bowel function score was 12 [7-19], and 5 patients (20%) reported a bowel function score ≥17, approaching normal bowel control level. Bowel management increased proportion of socially continent school-aged children to 52%. Six (23%) patients had a permanent urinary diversion or used clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), while majority (70%) of the remaining patients were urinary continent. The reported HRQoL was comparable to healthy Swedish children. ConclusionWhilst well-preserved spontaneous bowel control was rare, a majority of patients were dry for urine without any additional procedures. Few patients experienced social problems or negative impact on HRQoL due to bladder or bowel dysfunction. Level of evidenceLevel IV.