Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious disease, globally-distributed, caused by bovine Pestiviruses, endemic of cattle and other ruminant populations. BVD leads to significant economic losses to the cattle industry due to the wide range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases and reproductive disorders. Within the Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae three viral species are associated with BVD; Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus, atypical ruminant pestivirus). These species are subdivided into subgenotypes based on phylogenetic analysis. The extensive genetic diversity of BVDV has been reported for several countries, where the incidence and genetic variation are more developed in Europe than in the Americas. The first report of BVDV in Mexico was in 1975; this study revealed seropositivity of 75% in cows with a clinical history of infertility, abortions, and respiratory disease. Other studies have demonstrated the presence of antibodies against BVDV with a seroprevalence ranging from 7.4 to 100%. Recently, endemic BVDV strains affecting cattle populations started to be analyzed, providing evidence of the BVDV diversity in several states of the country, revealing that at least four subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, and 2a) are circulating in animal populations in Mexico. Little information regarding BVD epidemiological current status in Mexico is available. This review summarizes available information regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity viruses associated with BVD in cattle from Mexico.
Highlights
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) affects cattle and ruminants worldwide, leading to significant economic losses [1]
Phylogenetic approaches have been used to determine the prevalence of BVD associated species and subgenotypes within those species in different geographic locations
Studies based on viruses found in Mexican cattle revealed the presence of at least four BVDV subgenotypes (BVDV 1a, 1b,1c, and BVDV 2a) with no evidence of HoBi-like viruses detected [19]
Summary
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) affects cattle and ruminants worldwide, leading to significant economic losses [1]. Analysis of the entire genome is still the most reliable criteria when BVDV genetic characterization is performed; sequences of the 5’UTR (untranslated region), E2 glycoprotein, and 3’UTR are used to assign species and subgenotypes, obtaining similar results [4,5,6]. These viruses may exist as two different biotypes, cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP), according. Goat, pigs, and wild ruminants results in a clinical presentation similar to that seen in cattle and contact among these animal species facilitates viral transfer among domestic and non-domestic ruminants [12,13,14,15]
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