Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is an emerging disease in both New World Camelids (NWCs) and Old World Camelids (OWCs). The virus has been isolated from NWCs particularly in alpacas and dromedaries, but there are no reports of BVD in Bactrians. BVD is an important infectious disease. Both sub-genotypes 1a, 1b and genotype 2 have been isolated from NWCs but the ncp BVDV 1b is primarily implicated in cases of BVD in NWCs. A BVD strain unique to camelids has not yet been isolated. In NWCs virtually all infections have been caused by the non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV, Persistently infected crias have also been detected. Llamas and alpacas demonstrate clinical signs such as ill thrift, diarrhea, respiratory ailments and abortions. As in bovines, identification and elimination of PI animals, has the highest priority to avoid infection of the entire herd. BVD was also observed in dromedaries and interestingly, both genotypes of the Pestivirus, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, were isolated from dromedaries in Egypt. Both isolates revealed a cytopathic effect (cpe) and so far no ncp virus has been isolated from dromedaries. Also in dromedaries, BVD infections caused intrauterine death, stillbirth, weak calf syndrome with congenital deformities, neonatal respiratory disorders in young dromedary calves and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in adult dromedaries. So far, no PI dromedaries have been described.
Highlights
INTRODUCTIONBovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is responsible for two distinct clinical entities in cattle which are:
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is responsible for two distinct clinical entities in cattle which are: Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) resulting in high morbidity and low mortality Mucosal Disease (MD), which is sporadic but regularly fatalTwo genotypes of BVDV are recognized (BVDV-1, BVDV-2) and each genotype has 2 biotypes: noncytopathic and cytopathic
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Mucosal Disease (MD) are epidemiologically different diseases in cattle that have different pathogeneses, both are caused by the same Pestivirus
Summary
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is responsible for two distinct clinical entities in cattle which are:. The nature of biotypes involved in BVDV infection play a pivotal role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease in cattle and in camelids. Ncp strains are excreted and may infect other animals in a herd. These strains are able to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus in the early stages of gestation. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Mucosal Disease (MD) are epidemiologically different diseases in cattle that have different pathogeneses, both are caused by the same Pestivirus. Pestivirus infection can occur at any age in postnatal life and may be subclinical or produce a range of clinical conditions including acute diarrhea, acute hemorrhagic syndrome, acute fatal and wasting disease. A review article on BVDV infection in NWCs has been recently published by Amstel and Kennedy (2010)
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