Bovine serum albumin-coated titanium dioxide modified electrochemical interface for enantioselective discrimination of D/L-aspartic acid.

Abstract

Due to the similar physicochemical properties, the discrimination of chiral isomers faces huge challenges in drug production and biochemical analysis. Herein, the bovine serum albumin-coated titanium dioxide (bovine serum albumin [BSA]/TiO2 ) was modified as a novel electrochemical interface for efficient, simple, and enantioselective discrimination of aspartic acid enantiomers (D/L-Asp) based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Utilizing the structural characteristics of large cavity and high specific surface area, TiO2 material provided sufficient space for adequate loading of BSA. The BSA/TiO2 electrochemical interface was successfully fabricated to support abundant chiral recognition sites. The enantioselective discrimination of D/L-Asp was achieved on the interface with a good linear relationship against the impedance difference in the concentration range from 1 to 1000 nM with the detection limit of 0.37 nM for L-Asp and 0.94 nM for D-Asp, reaching the identification coefficient (Ic = KL /KD ) of 1.85. The proposed interface is easy to form with a stable formation of BSA in TiO2 microporous architecture, which maintained the desired stability and reproducibility. For the unknown racemic solution, Ic levels of different enantio-ratios of D/L-Asp were effectively obtained to evaluate the chiral percentage of racemic sample. The possible mechanism of chiral recognition by density function theory (DFT) was confirmed with a stronger adsorption to L-Asp in accordance with our experiment results, reinforcing the validity of our presented interface. The BSA/TiO2 electrochemical interface with robust enantioselective discrimination of D/L-Asp has great potential for the practical application in pharmaceutical surveillance and food security.