Abstract
Bovine rhinitis viruses (BRV) are established etiological agents of bovine respiratory disease complex however little research into their epidemiology and ecology has been published for several decades. In the U.S., only bovine rhinitis A virus 1 (BRAV1) has been identified while bovine rhinitis A virus 2 (BRAV2) and bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) were previously only identified in England and Japan, respectively. Metagenomic sequencing of a nasal swab from a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnostic submission from Kansas identified contigs with approximately 90% nucleotide similarity to BRAV2 and BRBV. A combination of de novo and templated assemblies using reference genomes yielded near complete BRAV2 and BRBV genomes. The near complete genome of bovine rhinitis A virus 1 (BRAV1) was also determined from a historical isolate to enable further molecular epidemiological studies. A 5’-nuclease reverse transcription PCR assay targeting the 3D polymerase gene was designed and used to screen 204 archived BRD clinical specimens. Thirteen (6.4%) were positive. Metagenomic sequencing of six positive samples identified mixed BRAV1/BRAV2, BRAV1/BRBV and BRAV2/BRBV infections for five samples. One sample showed infection only with BRAV1. Seroprevalence studies using a cell culture adapted BRBV found immunofluorescence assay-reactive antibodies were common in the herds analyzed. Altogether, these results demonstrate that BRV infections are common in cattle with respiratory disease and that BRAV1, BRAV2 and BRBV co-circulate in U.S. cattle and have high similarity to viruses isolated more than 30 years ago from diverse locations.
Highlights
Along with equine rhinitis virus (ERV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), bovine rhinitis A and B viruses (BRAV and bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV), respectively) are species in the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae [1]
Clinical samples from bovine respiratory disease submissions to Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL) were screened by a Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) PCR panel which detects bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), BHV-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) [19]
Metagenomic Sequencing of Clinical Sample In September, 2013, nasal swabs were submitted to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL) from an approximately 6-month old calf in Kansas with acute respiratory disease
Summary
Along with equine rhinitis virus (ERV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), bovine rhinitis A and B viruses (BRAV and BRBV, respectively) are species in the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae [1]. Clinical samples (nasal and pharyngeal swabs and lung tissue) from bovine respiratory disease submissions to KSVDL were screened by a BRDC PCR panel which detects BVDV, BHV-1, BRSV and bovine coronavirus (BCV) [19]. The PCR assay specificity was confirmed using bovine rhinitis virus positive samples as determined by metagenomic sequencing as well as with cultures of common BRDC pathogens BVDV, BHV-1, BRSV, BCV, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovis.
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