Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
Highlights
Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al
A further 7 other species were designated as Pestivirus E-K: Pestivirus E, Pestivirus F, Pestivirus G, Pestivirus H (Hobi-like Pestivirus, atypical ruminant Pestivirus, known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-3), Pestivirus I
Viruses 2020, 12, 1134 to the type virus of a particular species [3]. Pestiviruses differ in their host tropism with Pestivirus A, B and H mainly found in Bovidae or material thereof, the original naming as BVDV-1, -2 and -3
Summary
The Pestivirus genus within the family Flaviviridae of single stranded positive sense RNA viruses comprises eleven recognized species, Pestivirus A-K [1]. A further 7 other species were designated as Pestivirus E-K: Pestivirus E (pronghorn antelope virus), Pestivirus F (porcine Pestivirus), Pestivirus G (giraffe Pestivirus), Pestivirus H (Hobi-like Pestivirus, atypical ruminant Pestivirus, known as BVDV-3), Pestivirus I Viruses 2020, 12, 1134 to the type virus of a particular species [3] Pestiviruses differ in their host tropism with Pestivirus A,. Pestivirus H (BVDV-3) represents a group of atypical ruminant pestiviruses that were first detected in commercial foetal bovine serum (FBS), originating from South America [11], Southeast Asia [12] or with unknown origin [13]. Other viruses have been isolated from aborted bovine foetuses [14] and from buffalo in Brazil [15] It is not clear whether cattle or other bovids are the natural reservoir/host of atypical ruminant pestiviruses. The extent to which they are present in the cattle population worldwide needs to be further assessed since the genetic and antigenic diversity between bovine pestiviruses poses a significant challenge in BVD diagnosis and vaccination [18]
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