Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
Highlights
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses with the largest RNA genome (26.4–31.7 kb) that belong to the subfamily of Coronavirinae within the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales [1]
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a pneumoenteric virus that belongs to the species Betacoronavirus 1 of the Betacoronavirus genus along with wild ruminant CoVs, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, equine coronavirus, human CoVs (HCoVs)-OC43, HECoV-44, and canine respiratory coronavirus [1]
Studies indicate that blood group A individuals are at higher risk of infection suggesting that Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) may serve as additional cellular receptors. It is currently unknown if BCoV can utilize HBGAs as cell entry receptors, which necessitates further research in this direction to understand the mechanisms of emergence of BCoV-like CoVs into human population
Summary
Edited by: Suresh Varma Kuchipudi, Pennsylvania State University (PSU), United States. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. No distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. Like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Bovine-like CoVs cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics.
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