Abstract
ABSTRACT This study explores the synthesis and characterisation of a hydroxyapatite/carbon quantum dot (HAp/CQD) nanocomposite for the removal of Acid Black 210 dye (AB210) from aqueous solutions. HAp was synthesised from bovine bone through deproteinization, demineralisation, and carbonisation processes. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of hexagonal hydroxyapatite with enhanced crystallinity post-activation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed well-defined porous structures with uniform distribution, corroborated by EDAX. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify chemical functional groups. Additionally, BET surface area analysis demonstrated a significant surface area of 290.67 m2/g and a pore diameter of 10.784 nm. Adsorption studies examined the effects of various parameters on AB210 removal, including initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and pH. The optimal values were found to be 50 mg/L for dye concentration, 1 g for adsorbent dosage, and 50°C for temperature, while removal efficiency increased with rising pH. The adsorption was characterised using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with the Langmuir model providing a better fit, particularly at 50°C. The monolayer saturated adsorption capacity was 66.22 mg/g, with a corresponding Langmuir constant of 0.3039 L/mg. Kinetic analysis using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models indicated that the process was controlled by chemisorption, with the pseudo-second-order model showing an excellent fit. The calculated rate constant (k2) and equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) were determined to be 0.00694 min− 1 and 12.3609 mg/g, respectively, with an R2 value of 0.9683. Overall, the study underscores the efficacy of the HAp/CQD nanocomposite in AB210 dye removal, particularly under optimised conditions, offering valuable insights into its potential applications in environmental remediation.
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