Abstract
Protective symbionts can provide effective and specific protection to their hosts. This protection can differ between different symbiont strains with each strain providing protection against certain components of the parasite and pathogen community their host faces. Protective symbionts are especially well known from aphids where, among other functions, they provide protection against different parasitoid wasps. However, most of the evidence for this protection comes from laboratory experiments.Our aim was to understand how consistent protection is across different symbiont strains under natural field conditions and whether symbiont diversity enhanced the species diversity of colonizing parasitoids, as could be expected from the specificity of their protection.We used experimental colonies of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae to investigate symbiont‐conferred protection under natural field conditions over two seasons. Colonies differed only in their symbiont composition, carrying either no symbionts, a single strain of the protective symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, or a mixture of three H. defensa strains. These aphid colonies were exposed to natural parasitoid communities in the field. Subsequently, we determined the parasitoids hatched from each aphid colony.The evidence for a protective effect of H. defensa was limited and inconsistent between years, and aphid colonies harbouring multiple symbiont strains did not support a more diverse parasitoid community. Instead, parasitoid diversity tended to be highest in the absence of H. defensa.Symbiont‐conferred protection, although a strong and repeatable effect under laboratory conditions may not always cause the predicted bottom‐up effects under natural conditions in the field.
Highlights
Diversity at one trophic level can promote diversity at other trophic levels in a food web
Mummy number Number of aphids H. defensa infected versus uninfected H. defensa diversity H. defensa strain
Mummification rate Number of aphids H. defensa infected versus uninfected H. defensa diversity H. defensa strain
Summary
Diversity at one trophic level can promote diversity at other trophic levels in a food web. Much of the support for cascading diversity effects comes from biodiversity experiments manipulating the number and composition of plant species (reviewed by Siemann et al, 1998; Weisser et al, 2017). Heritable defensive symbionts can be seen as a second line of defence in addition to the host's intrinsic immune system They provide effective and specific resistance against parasites and pathogens and thereby show some parallels to the immune systems of animals, such as the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Defensive symbionts should be subjected to similar evolutionary forces (Hafer & Vorburger, 2019) These have repeatedly resulted in the diversification of immune systems in response to diverse parasites and pathogens (Ghosh et al, 2011; Litman et al, 2007; Messier-Solek et al, 2010). Host populations possessing more diverse communities of protective symbionts are expected to support more diverse communities of parasites
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