Abstract
While social innovation has been extensively studied, scant attention has been paid to the phenomenon of private-sector social innovation in authoritarian countries. In these countries bottom-up involvement in social services faces severe institutional constraints due to the tight social control. This article adopt the lens of social movement to understand the conditions for private NPOs to break institutional constraints and involve in the provision of social services in authoritarian countries. I present a model specifying how political opportunities and a unique form of collective action –- which I call soft contestation –- combine to allow an unlikely phenomenon to emerge.
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