Abstract
Superconformal Au deposition is demonstrated in a Na3Au(SO3)2 + Na2SO3 electrolyte using Bi species to catalyze the reduction of Au(SO3)23−. Micromolar additions of Bi3+ to the sulfite-based electrolyte accelerate the reduction of Au(SO3)23− as shown by hysteretic voltammetry and rising chronoamperometric transients. Superconformal feature filling is observed over a defined range of Bi3+ concentration, potential and hydrodynamics. Over a more limited parameter range, approximately −0.9 V to −0.95 V, void-free, bottom-up filling of Damascene trenches is achieved. Furthermore, in the presence of significant convection the bottom-up filling is accompanied by passivation of the free surface. Bottom-up feature filling is characterized by a counterintuitive dependence of the free surface reactivity on the available flux of the Bi3+ accelerator species suggestive of an unusual coupling between hydrodynamic transport, shear and interfacial chemistry.
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