Both cationic and anionic redox chemistry in a P2-type sodium layered oxide

Abstract

The demand for high energy Na-ion batteries has promoted intensive research on high energy oxygen redox chemistry in layered transition metal oxide cathodes. However, most layered cathodes with oxygen redox might suffer from irreversible electrochemical reaction, fast capacity decay and underlying O2 release. Herein, we report that copper element with a strong electronegativaty can stablize Na-deficient P2-Na2/3Mn0.72Cu0.22Mg0.06O2 phase to achieve both cationic and anionic redox chemistry. Hard and soft X-ray absorption spectra demonstrate that all Mn3+/Mn4+, Cu2+/Cu3+ and O2−/(O2)n− participate in the redox reaction upon Na+ ions extraction and insertion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the strong covalency between copper and oxygen ensures the cationic and anionic redox activity in P2-Na2/3Mn0.72Cu0.22Mg0.06O2 phase. The P2-Na2/3Mn0.72Cu0.22Mg0.06O2 cathode could deliver stable cycling life with 87.9% capacity retention at 1C during 100 cycles, as well as high rate performance (70.3 mA h g−1 cycled at 10C). Our findings not only provide a promising guidelines to enhance the electrochemical performance of layered oxides based on anionic redox activity, but also explore the potential science behind oxygen redox process.