Both attention and prediction are necessary for adaptive neuronal tuning in sensory processing.

Yi-Fang Hsu,Florian Waszak,Jarmo A Hã¤Mã¤Lã¤Inen

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00152

Abstract

The brain as a proactive system processes sensory information under the top-down influence of attention and prediction. However, the relation between attention and prediction remains undetermined given the conflation of these two mechanisms in the literature. To evaluate whether attention and prediction are dependent of each other, and if so, how these two top-down mechanisms may interact in sensory processing, we orthogonally manipulated attention and prediction in a target detection task. Participants were instructed to pay attention to one of two interleaved stimulus streams of predictable/unpredictable tone frequency. We found that attention and prediction interacted on the amplitude of the N1 ERP component. The N1 amplitude in the attended/predictable condition was larger than that in any of the other conditions. Dipole source localization analysis showed that the effect came from the activation in bilateral auditory areas. No significant effect was found in the P2 time window. Our results suggest that attention and prediction are dependent of each other. While attention might determine the overall cortical responsiveness to stimuli when prediction is involved, prediction might provide an anchor for the modulation of the synaptic input strengths which needs to be operated on the basis of attention.

Highlights

Recent theories of sensory processing consider the brain as a proactive system which adapts quickly to the environment
We found that attention and prediction interacted on the amplitude of the N1 event-related potentials (ERPs) component
The design allowed us to evaluate whether attention and prediction are dependent of each other, and if so, how these two top-down mechanisms may interact on sensory processing

Summary

Introduction

Recent theories of sensory processing consider the brain as a proactive system which adapts quickly to the environment. Neurons in the sensory cortices can undergo short-term, task-dependent, and context-specific changes in receptive field properties when attention and prediction are involved (Fritz et al, 2003, 2007, 2008). Such adaptive plasticity driven by attention and prediction can be the underlying mechanism for the optimization ofperception. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies revealed the neuronal consequences of attention on event-related potentials (ERPs), the enhancement of the N1 (Hillyard et al, 1973; Alcaini et al, 1994; Lange et al, 2003, 2006; Lange and Röder, 2006) This may result from changes in the selectivity of neurons in the sensory cortex (Chawla et al, 1999; Kastner et al, 1999; Ahveninen et al, 2006). Neurocomputational studies demonstrated that attention may function via optimizing the synaptic gain to represent the precision of sensory information during hierarchical inference (Feldman and Friston, 2010)

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