Abstract
Two experiments (pot and field experiments) were conducted in two consecutive years to evaluate the protective effects of botanical-chemical formulations on physiological, biochemical performance and grain yield of wheat inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana. We compared different formulations comprising Calotropis procera, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Thevetia peruviana extracts, chemical fungicide (mefenoxam) and salicylic acid to modulate the defense system of wheat host plants. Among the selected plant species J. mimosifolia aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts (1.2% w/v) resulted in 96 to 97% inhibition against B. sorokiniana. Both in pot and field experiments, among all the formulations of selected plant extracts the combined formulation of JAF2 (J. mimosifolia 0.6%)+MFF2 (mefenoxam 0.1%) lowered the dose of chemical fungicide required to reduce the leaf spot blotch disease. The same formulation induced resistance in wheat apparently through the accumulation of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, acid invertase, chitinase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. This formulation also stimulated the defense-related gene expression of PR-proteins. The same treatment gave even more increase (48%, 12% and 22%) in no. of grains/spike, grains weight and grain yield, than the MFF1 (mefenoxam 0.2%). We conclude that foliar application of J. mimosifolia leaf extract with very low dose of chemical fungicide (J. mimosifolia 0.6%+mefenoxam 0.1%) is a promising approach for the management of leaf blight and spot blotch in wheat.
Highlights
Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem poses a serious and persistent challenge to wheat grown under hot, humid subtropical climate [1]
The plant species, Jacaranda mimosifolia and Thevetia peruviana leaves were collected from Quaid-i-Azam University campus, Islamabad while Calotropis procera leaves were collected from District Layyah, South Punjab
Methanolic and water extracts of Jacaranda mimosifolia at the concentration of 1.2% showed maximum significant inhibition (97 and 96%) that was followed by Thevetia peruviana and Calotropis procera (90, 83% and 81, 75%, respectively) compared to the respective positive controls
Summary
Spot blotch (foliar blight) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem poses a serious and persistent challenge to wheat grown under hot, humid subtropical climate [1]. B. sorokiniana is a worldwide spread fungus that is aggressive under high relative humidity and temperature associated with imbalanced soil fertility causing severe economic losses in cereal. Overexpression of pathogenesis related proteins with the bioformulation in wheat against Bipolaris sorokiniana
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